英国文学Charles Dickens查理·狄更斯Oliver Twist雾都孤儿(first true novel);Hard Times艰难时刻;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectations远大前程;Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传;David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔;Bleak House荒凉山庄Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代Under the Greenwood Tree在绿荫下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特乔市长;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德;A Pure Women诱奸美国文学Part 1. The Literature of Colonial America殖民时期文学Puritanism对美国文学最有影响力的一种文学形式The American puritans: a group of serious, religious idealists, advocating highly religious and moral principles. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God.Basic Puritan Beliefs:①total depravity (concept of Original Sin)②unconditional election(concept of predestination)③limited atonement④irresistible grace⑤Perseverance of the "saints"Part 2. National Literature民族文学(启蒙文学)Benjamin Franklin本杰明•富兰克林The Autobiography自传Thomas Paine托马斯•潘恩(爱国主义作家)Common Sense常识;The American Crisis美国危机Thomas Jefferson(在其主持领导下，通过了独立宣言)The Declaration of Independence独立宣言Part 3.Romanticism (stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war)早期浪漫主义作家①Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文幽默大师、散文大师A History of New York纽约外史——美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作;The Sketch Book见闻札记;Rip Van Wrinkle瑞普·凡·温克尔;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说——使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家②James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀(关注西进运动)Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集(5部长篇小说：The Deerslayer杀鹿人; The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人; The Pathfinder探路者; The Pioneer拓荒者; The Prairie平原)③William Cullen Bryant布莱恩特Thanatopsis死亡随想;To a Waterfowl;致水鸟(被Matthew Arnold誉为英国语言中最完美的一首短诗)Transcendentalis m①oversoul超灵②believe firmly in democracy, and insisted on an intense individualism③natureTranscendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in the New England region of the United States as a protest to the general state of culture and society. ①They believe the inherent goodness of both man and nature. ②They believe that society and its institutions ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual.③They believe that man is at his best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed.Edgar Allan Poe埃德加•爱伦•坡(诗人、短篇小说家)To Helen致海伦;The Raven乌鸦;Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales 故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌; Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李(爱情诗,致已逝的妻子)-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头。

推崇人与自然的关系的作家①Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生(超验主义的集大成者)The American Scholar论美国学者; Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;Self-reliance论自立②Henry David Thoreau亨利•大卫•梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖浪漫主义作家①Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼(written in Whitman’s signature free verse style) Free verse: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme schemeLeaves of Grass草叶集: Song of Myself自我之歌(《草叶集》中最长的一部长诗)②Emily Dickinson埃米莉•狄金森I Heard a Fly buzz—when I died当我死的时候—听到一只苍蝇嗡嗡响二者异同：①均歌颂美国的扩张，赞扬美国的自由、民主、个人主义。

②W放眼美国(national)而D只关注新英格兰(regional)，同时，关注人性黑暗面的作家①Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔•霍桑(Sin will get punished, one way or another.)The House of the Seven Gables带有七个尖角阁的房子; The Scarlet Letter红字; The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇; Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔; The Marble Faun玉石雕像; Young Goodman Brown好小伙布朗(短篇小说);The Great Stone Face(短篇小说)The Scarlet Letter内容情节: The story starts during the summer of 1642, near Boston, Massachusetts, in a Puritan village. A young woman, named Hester Prynne, has been led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms, and on the breast of her gown "a rag of scarlet cloth" that "assumed the shape of a letter." It is the uppercase letter "A." The Scarlet Letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin—a badge of shame—for all to see. A man, who is elderly and a stranger to the town, enters the crowd and asks another onlooker what's happening. The second man responds by explaining that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she, and whose real name is unknown, has sent her ahead to America whilst settling affairs in Europe. However, her husband does not arrive in Boston and the consensus is that he has been lost at sea. It is apparent that, while waiting for her husband, Hester has had an affair, leading to the birth of her daughter. She will not reveal her lover's identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her subsequent public shaming, is the punishment for her sin and secrecy. On this day, Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child's father.主题:The Scarlet Letter is not a praise of a Hester Prynne sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against.人物分析:Hester Prynne: attractive, appealing, and mildly aggressive②Herman Melville赫尔曼•梅尔维尔(The way to heaven is through hell.)Moby Dick白鲸;Typee泰比(长篇小说);Omoo奥姆; White-Jacket白外套; Billy Budd比利•巴德Part 4. The age of Realism(浪漫主义文学与现实主义文学的分界点:The Civil War)Mark Twain马克•吐温(Samuel Langhorne Clemens)乡土文学(Local Colorism)的集中代表性作家，虽非首创，但将其发扬光大;并开创了口语化的文体(colloquial style)的传统Local Colorism: such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than nativeGilded Age refers to the period following the Civil War, running from the late 1860s to 1896. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain in his book. The term refers to the gilding of a cheaper metal with a thin layer of gold, with a hint of the "golden age" of a nation's glory. Many critics at the time complained that the era was marked by ostentatious display, crass manners, political corruption, and shoddy ethics.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记(代表作,被海明威誉为“all modern American literature comes”);Life on the Mississippi(另一代表作); The Gilded Age镀金年代(first novel); Jumping Frog跳蛙(first book); The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆•索亚历险记(a boy’s boo k);Henry James享利•詹姆斯(the founder of psychological realism心理现实主义的奠基人)The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像(代表作)；Daisy Miller黛西•米勒；三部曲(The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗)Part 5.American NaturalismNaturalism is not only a special selection of subject matter and a special way of rendering those materials; it is a mode of fiction that was developed by a school of writers in accordance with a particular philosophical thesis.Jack London杰克•伦敦The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;Marti Eden马丁•伊登;White Fang白獠牙;The Sea Wolf海狼Theodore Dreiser西奥多•德莱赛An American Tragedy美国悲剧(最成功的小说);Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹(first novel; Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic司多哥)Part 6.ModernismImagism: approving the use of free verse, direct common speech, creation of new rhythms, absolute freedom in choice of subject matter, and the evocation of precise imagery in hard, clear poetic worksEzra Pound艾兹拉•庞德(imagism poet)The Cantos诗章(In a Station of the Metro在地铁车站)Robert Frost罗伯特•弗罗斯特The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;After Apple-Picking摘苹果之后Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•艾略特(诗人)The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (情歌); The Waste Land荒原(奠定了此后美国文学发展的传统)20th“The Lost Generation迷惘的一代”代表作家①F. Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯•菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tales of the Jazz Age爵士年代; Tender in the Night夜色温柔; The Last Tycoon最后的大亨The Jazz Age was a movement that took place during the 1920s, or the Roaring Twenties, from which jazz music and dance emerged with the introduction of mainstream radio and the end of the war. This era ended in the 1930s with the beginning of The Great Depression but has lived on in American pop culture for decades.②Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特•海明威central theme: (courage is) grace under pressure (guts).Journalistic新闻体;硬汉形象The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了,武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣;The Old Men and the Sea老人与海John Steinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄Of Mice and Men人鼠之间William Faulkner威廉•福克纳The Sound and the Fury喧哗与骚动; As I lay dying弥留之际;Sanctuary圣殿;Light in August 八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙;The Hamlet村子;Go DownMoses去吧，摩西;Intruder in the Dust闯入坟墓的人; Requiem for a Nun修女安魂记/443672130/infocenter#!app=2&via=QZ.HashRefresh&pos=1339568043。