9.entrepreneurship企业家精神
10.means of production生产资料
11.stock-taking评估
12.Allocation of resources资源配置
13.macroregulation and control宏观调控
14.fiscal policies财政政策
15.tight monetary policy紧缩的货币政策
16.working capital运营资本
placing undue strain on the national economy.
在这个时期，出口增长要快于进口增长不仅是由于中国经济计划者着重强调出口，也是因为大多工业项目在1979年被推迟了。官方承认外国技术能够在中国经济的现代化化中起重大作用，这导致了1978年中国的进口增加了50%以上，从而给国民经济带来了重压。
根据顾客提供的样品来生产产品，同时强烈鼓励补偿贸易。由此国外的供应商提供原材料和设备并收到由其提供的设备生产出来的制成品作为回报。补偿贸易在某种程度上不同于易货贸易和反向贸易，在国外提供的设备和制成品中有直接的联系。来件组装始于1978年，特殊的对外贸易形式有资格免除关税和其他税收。
7. The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China‘s determination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets. The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy，such as an inadequate transport network and energyconstraints，have been tackled.
6. Goods are produced according to a sample provided by the customer，while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade whereby a foreign seller supplies raw materials and equipment and receives manufactured goods，produced by the equipment provided，in return .Compensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product. Assembly manufacturing began in 1978 and particular forms of foreign trade are eligible for exemption from customs duties and taxation.
4. Chinese official stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry，but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication，not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.
易货贸易barter补偿贸易compensation trade反
向贸易counter-trade组装生产assembly manufacturing工商统一税industrial and commercial consolidated tax合资企业joint venture延期付款deferred payment买方信贷buyer credit卖方信贷supplier credit软贷款（低息贷款）soft loan最惠国待遇MFN treatment（Most Favored nation treatment）
2.a well-placed source一位高层消息灵通人士
3.infrastructure基
础设施
4.capital stock实际资本
5.consumer goods消费品
6.preferential tax rate优惠税率
7.cooperative enterprise合作（经营）企业
8.ETDZ（Economic &Technical Development Zone）经济技术开发区
在文化大革命期间，外贸的增长又一次被打断了。当时农业和工业生产急剧下降，运输管制变的更严重。
3. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China‘s economic planners，but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese economy hascaused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in1978，
术语
制成品manufactured goods资本货物capital goods国际收支balance of payments经常项目current account有形贸易项目visible trade account无形贸易项目invisible trade account贸易顺差trade surplus贸易逆差trade deficit
永久性正常贸易关系PNTR（Permanent Normal Trading Relations）国民收入NI（National Income）国民生产总值GNP（Gross National Product）国内生产总值GDP（Gross Domestic Product）国际复兴和开发银行IBRD（International Bank for Reconstruction and Development）国际开发协会IDA（International Development Association）国际金融公司IFC（International Finance Comporation）经济合作和发展组织OECD（Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development）
20世纪50年代，中国向前苏联和东欧各国出口农产品以换取制成品和国家的工业化计划所要求的资本设备，而国家的工业化计划则强调重工业的发展。
2. The growth of foreign trade was distrupted again during the Cultural Revolution when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.
中国官员强调为国内工业引进先进技术的重要性，但是需要的是各种程度不同的精尖技术，而不是像西方国家理解的先进技术。
5. There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments，but the size of the visible trade surplus during 1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest that the current account has been in surplus over the past few years.没有官方的统计资料涉及无形贸易收支，但在1981-1983年期间的有形贸易顺差的大小和旅游赢利的显著增长表明了经常项目在过去几年里有盈余。
国际清算银行BIS（Bank for International Settlement）欧洲经济共同体EEC（European Economic Community）欧洲联盟EU（European Union）外商直接投资FDI（Foreign Direct Investment）
二、词语释义：
substantially：dramatically，significantly，considerably
许多发展中国家面对的债务问题使中国在引进外国技术时下了这样的决心：采用直接投资和优惠付款方式融资，而不是在国际资本市场筹集大额的资金。在经济中的许多实际瓶颈，如运输网络的不足和能源缺乏被克服以前，官方认为招来语：