汉英翻译的文化策略
巧妇难为无米之炊。
1. Even the cleverest housewife cannot make a meal without rice. (The Yangs) 2. Even the cleverest housewife cannot make bread without flour. (Hawkes)
Eugene Nida
1 . Ecology 2〃 Material Culture 3〃 Social Culture 4〃 Religious Culture 5〃 Linguistic Culture
Strata of culture
文化系统结构有四个层次: 1)物质形态层(material stratum) 2)典章制度层(institutional stratum) 3)行为习俗层(behavioral and customary stratum) 4)心理或心智活动层(mental stratum) (刘宓庆,1999:33)
Peter Newmark
The way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to one speech community. (Newmark P. 2001. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. )
鲜红的衣服,再配上鲜红的帽子和鞋袜, 是春日的流行装束。不过时髦女郎们可得 小心一点,别在街头打哈欠,要是碰上近 视眼准备寄信就大事不妙了。 注:在英国,邮筒为红色。
Two strategies in dealing with cultural factors in translation 1 . 异化(foreignization; alienation):以源语文化为中心, 以源作者为中心,注意点在于将 源语文化传递给译语读者,以促 进文化的交流。缺点:增加译语 读者理解的难度,阅读的速度、 节奏也会受到影响。
如何评价归化、异化
不能简单的说归化比异化好,或异化比归 化好,因为面对不同的读者要求、不同的 文化态势,出版商不同的要求,译者需要 考虑到很多因素。 因此,很多情况下,是将二者综合使用。
译者
原语作者
委托者、 赞助者等
译者释本 译者滤本
译语读者
原语文本
译者源本
“他者”滤本
译语文本
注:1、实线表示显文本及其主体构成,虚线表示隐文本及其主体构成 2、 委托者、赞助者等中“等”的详指参见 4.2.2 译者的多种“发话声型”部分。 图 4.5 语境化与文学翻译的多重文本
直译
纸老虎paper tiger, 丢脸lose face, 百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing. 眼不见,心不烦out of sight , Out of mind.
《红楼梦》的一些例子
―黄酒”译为yellow rice-wine, “果子”译为fried pastry-shapes, 或sweets,抑或cakes, nuts and dried fruits, 贵妃:imperial concubine
处理文化因素的一般策略 一般而言,处理文化因素的策 略是:文化存真(transmit the authentic culture to the target readership),特别是在 物质文化层面和制度文化层面。
文化存真的翻译技巧 音译(transliteration); 直译(literal translation); 音译/直译+解释(explanation); 增释(amplification); 脚注(footnote)。
中西文化对比
思维差异 语言差异 信仰差异 价值和态度差异 (廖七一,2000:276)
汉英思维方式对比
(1) 中国人注重伦理( ethics ),英美人注重认知 (cognition) (2) 中 国 人 重 整 体 ( integrity ) 、 偏 重 综 合 性 ( synthetic ) 思 维 , 英 美 人 重 个 体 ( individuality )、偏重分析性( analytic )思 维 (3) 中国人重直觉( intuition ),英美人重实证 (evidence) (4)中国人重形象思维(figurative thinking),英 美人重逻辑思维( logical thinking )(陈宏薇、 李亚丹:2004:25-32)
脚注(footnote)
Bright red costumes, with hats, shoes and stockings to match, are to be all the craze in the Spring. Smart women will have to be careful not yawn in the streets in case some shortsighted person is on his way to post a letter.
音译/直译+增释:
chocolate 巧克力糖, opium鸦片烟, golf高尔夫球, rifle来福枪, nylon尼龙布 龙Long, the Chinese totem 元宵Yuanxiao, sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour 清明节Clear and Bright Festival, a time when Chinese renew their late ancestors‘ tombs to mourn them
Cultural Issues in C-E Translation
-- Strategies and Methods
Dr. Li Changjiang
Hale Waihona Puke Culture and its composition
Edward B. Tylor: Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward B. Tylor. 1924. [orig. 1871] Primitive Culture. 2 vols. 7th ed. New York: Brentano's.)
It is not surprising that the most serious mistakes in translation are made because of ignorance about the views and values of other culture.(Nida,2001:286)Nida. E.A.2001 Language and Culture: Context in Translating. 上外出版社/外教社
―Your uncle‘s observing a fast today,‖, said Lady Wang.‖you will see him some other time.‖ (the Yangs) Fast: a period during which someone does not eat meat or fish for religious reason
盛宴必散。
Even the best party must have an end. (Hawkes) Even the grandest feast must have an end. (The Yangs)
谋事在人,成事在天。
Man proposes, god disposes. (Hawkes) Man proposes, heaven disposes.(the Yangs)
音译:
人名、地名以及一些表示新概念 而本族语里又找 不到对成词来表示时,均可采用音译法介绍到译 文语言中去,如: [汉译英] 磕头(kowtow),荔枝(litchi); 功夫kongfu 如霍克斯译《红楼梦》―饺子”译为jiaozi, “炕” 译为the kang;阴阳yin; yang ; [英译汉]engine(引擎),motor(马达), sofa(沙发),logic(逻辑)
“我认为,译文应该力求透明,以至看起来 不像是译文。好的翻译像一块玻璃,只有 玻璃上的一些小小的瑕疵 — 擦痕和气泡。 当然,理想的最好什么也没有。译文应该 永远不会引起读者感到他们在读译作。(诺 曼· 夏皮罗)
王夫人因说道:“你舅舅今日斋戒去了, 再见罢。……‖
‗Your uncle is in retreat today,‘ said Lady Wang. ‗He‘ll see you another time.‘ (Hawkes) Retreat: retirement for a time for relegious meditation (Chambers)
2. 归化(domesticatioin; adaptation):以译入语文化为中 心,以读者为中心,将源语文化 经过整理,然后以译入语中较为 现成的、熟悉的、易于接受的形 式出现。缺点:丧失了源语的异 国特色。
Venuti:
In this vein, the deconstructionist Venuti differentiates two strategies in translation: domesticating and foreignizing. He strongly advocates the resistant foreignizing method and rejects the transparent domestication in opposition to the Anglo-American hegemonic cultural stand