第三章翻译的基本技巧Translation Techniques第二部分Part TwoProcedures of today:* Amplification vs. Omission* Affirmation vs. negation* Repetition* Exercises in class* Assignments of today增译法Amplification p.p.41—43* 英译汉的增词主要是出于汉语表达的需要，用增词法译出原文所省略的词语，增添必要的连接词、量词或复数概念，表现不同的时态或先后顺序，或从修辞连贯等方面考虑，使译文的遣词造句符合汉语的表达习惯。
* 汉译英的增词旨在使译文符合英语的语法结构和表达习惯，常用于代词、冠词、连接词以及介词的增添。
Some more examples:* Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.* 物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。
* Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.* 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训好。
* Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.* 因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。
* The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.* 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。
* We won’t retreat; we never have and never will.* 我们不会后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不会后退。
* This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-section area.* 这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。
* Many great writers were not appreciated fully while they were alive.* 许多大作家的作品在他们活着的时候得不到人们的充分赏识。
* 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。
* Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.* 我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。
* We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.* 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
* Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. * 我们应当逐步缩小城乡差距。
* We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country. * 这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”。
* It is just as the proverb goes, “The onlooker sees most of the game”.省略法Omission p.p. 43—45* 英译汉时省略法主要是省略一些可有可无、不符合译文习惯表达法的词语，如实词中的代词、动词，虚词中的冠词、介词和连词等。
* 汉译英时省略主要是省略冗词赘语，以及一些表示概念范畴的词语和过分详细的描述。
Some more examples:* For two weeks, he had been studying the house, looking at its rooms, its electric wiring, its path and its garden.* 两周以来，他一直注意观察房子的情况，察看各个房间，留心电线的走向、通道和花园的布局。
* The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow.* 力的方向可以用箭头表示。
* On Sundays we have no school.* 周日我们不上学。
* Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentleman-like.* 宾利先生相貌英俊，彬彬有礼。
* If you don’t go there tomorrow, they will get angry.* 你明天不去，他们会生气的。
* When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.* 压力低，沸点就低。
* Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs.* 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。
* 我已经提前完成了交给我的工作，他也提前完成了交给他的工作。
* I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule, so has he.* 这些问题就是他提出的关于美国政治制度的问题。
* These are his questions on the American political system.* 花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，用不完的金银财宝。
* The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spend.Negation vs. Affirmation p.p. 45—46* 固有语言现象，对号入座。
* 从原则上说，最好是肯定译肯定，否定译否定以便更准确地传达原文的意义。
* 表达否定概念时词汇手段、语法手段、甚至语言逻辑等方面有差异，必须先弄清楚是否用同样的表达形式* 有时候英汉翻译中的肯定与否定并不完全对应，我们不能一看见yes 便译作“是”，一看见no便是“不”。
* “Zhang Lan!” “Yes.”* Oh, yes; a very great success.* “Just one moment.” “Yes, sir.”* “Send it at once, will you?” “Yes, sir.”* He covered himself quickly and got in, saying: “Yes, yes.”* “He doesn’t see us.” “Yes, he does.”* “Yes?” The man standing at the door asked.英语否定的划分* 完全否定（带no的词语，如no, not, never, nobody, nowhere, neither…nor, nothing, none, 等）* 半否定（hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little等）* 部分否定（not all, not every, not both, not much, not many, not always 等）* 带否定意义的词语（fail, without, beyond, until, unless, lest, ignorant, refrain, refuse, neglect, absence, instead of, other than , except, rather than 等* 英语中表示否定可用两种办法，一是借助词汇，二是借助结构（e.g. no doubt, no wonder, not…without, more…than, etc.)和表达方式(the last, the least, above, beyond, too…to, too…for etc.)。
汉语否定的划分* 完全否定：“不、绝不、绝对不会、没有、非、未、无、不是、毫无、根本没有、根本不、完全不、否则”等。
* 部分否定：“并非所有的都、几乎没有、不是每个都、不是两个都、不总是、几乎不、不怎么”等。
* 双重否定：“非······不、非······莫、不······没有”等否定与肯定的译法* 英译汉时可用“正说反译”、“反说正译”、“正反均可”三种方法。
* 汉译英时应根据英语的习惯表达、从强调或修辞角度考虑、以及视具体情况采用肯定或否定，以准确地表达出原文的精神风貌。
Some more examples:* He denied it to be the case.他说事实不是这样。
** Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst.* 时间是我们作缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人最不善于利用。
* It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.* 他无权签订这种合同。
* I’m at my wit’s end to keep this child quiet.* 我实在是没办法让这孩子安静下来。
Some more examples:* The doubt was still unresolved after his repeated explanation.* 经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
* All the articles in the museum are untouchable.* 博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。
* I’m new to the work.* 这工作我是生手。
/这工作我不熟悉。
* He realized that he was in trouble.* 他意识到遇到麻烦了。