Chapter 7
Distribution Strategies 配送战略
7.1 Introduction引言

Focus on the distribution function. 重点研究配送功能 Various possible distribution strategies, and the opportunities and challenges associated with these strategies.
有大量不同产品时较有用
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Traditional Warehousing
传统仓库
Inventory management and risk pooling key factors 库存管理&风险分担 Other factors also play a significant role

亦起到关键作用的其他因素 Centralized vs Decentralized Management

Employ both fewer warehouses and distribution centers 集中型设施以为着较少的仓库和配送中心

Facilities are located further from customers.
设施的位置远离客户
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Other factors:其他因素
Typical objective: minimize the total cost of the system subject to satisfying some service-level requirements.
目标：在实现某种程度服务水平的条件下使总成本最小 Centralized control leads to global optimization. 实现全局最优
各工厂只考虑自身，不顾他人

Leads to local optimization. 实现局部最优

Centralized system 集中化系统

decisions are made at a central location for the entire supply network.
由供应网络的中心机构作出决策
Lead times are reduced. 缩短提前期

Disadvantages: 劣势

Risk-pooling effects are negated 风险无法分担 Manufacturer and distributor transportation costs increase
运输成本上升

Utilization of risk pooling better with centralized
集中型设施（仓储）可以利用风险分担的优势
Shipping times better with local 运输时间比地方（分散）系统长

Transportation costs.运输成本：
Costs between production facilities and warehouses higher with local 生产设施与仓库之间运输成本高于地方设施 Costs from warehouses to retailers lesser with local 仓库与零售商之间的运输成本更低

Issues with warehouses 关于仓库
Manufacturing strategy 制造战略 (make-to-stock vs. make-to-order) 面向库存生产MTS / 面向订单生产MTO Number of warehouses 仓库数量 Inventory policy 库存策略 Inventory turn over ratio 库存年周转率 Internal warehouses vs. outside distributor 仓库为公司内部/外部分销商所有 Owned by a single firm or by a variety of firms 一家公司/多家公司所有

lead times are critical because of perishable goods. LT对易腐货很重要 7-3
7.3. Intermediate Inventory Storage Point Strategies 转运战略

区别不同转运战略的特征 Length of time inventory is stored at warehouses and distribution centers. 仓库/配送中心存储库存的长度 Strategies: 战略 Traditional warehousing strategy 传统仓储


Safety stock. Lower safety stock levels with centralized facilities 安全库存：集中设施（合并仓库）使供应商风险可集中分担 Overhead. Lower total overhead cost with centralized facilities 管理费用： 集中设施降低了总管理费用 Economies of scale. Greater economies of scale with centralized facilities 规模经济：集中（生产）设施更能够达到规模经济 Lead time. Lead time to market reduced with local facilities 提前期：大量地方设施（仓库）存在会缩短提前期 Service.服务：
Varying degrees of centralization and localization due to the varying levels of advantages and disadvantages
地方经营和集中经营存在程度的问题，不同程度 对应（上面所列举的）不同优缺点
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Cross-Docking直接转运

Commonly used scenarios: 常用于以下情况



Retail store requires fully loaded trucks 零售商店需整车运输 Often mandated by powerful retailers 由强大零售商提出 Lead time is critical. 提前期非常重要★ Manufacturer may be reluctant but have no choice 制造商别无选择 Prevalent in the grocery industry 普遍应用于日用杂货行业

At least as effective as the decentralized system.
集中的配送网络至少和分散系统一样有效（≥） Allow use of coordinated strategies 允许使用协调战略（第五章）
If system cannot be centralized 若系统不能集中


Often less than 12 hours 通常≤12小时 Limits inventory costs and decreases lead times
限制库存成本 并 缩短提前期
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Issues with Cross-Docking

often helpful to form partnerships to approach the advantages of a centralized system. 形成合伙伙伴关系来获取集中系统的优势
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Central vs. Local Facilities
中心和地方设施

Centralized facilities：集中型设施
Hale Waihona Puke Variety of characteristics distinguish different strategies.
distribution centers and warehouses hold stock inventory
仓库/配送中心持有库存
provide their downstream customers with inventory as needed.

are transferred to vehicles serving the retailers
被转移到为零售商店送货的车辆上
are delivered to the retailers as rapidly as possible.
尽快地送到零售商

Goods spend very little time in storage at the warehouse商品在仓库的停留时间很短

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A Hybrid Decision混合型决策

Some products use centralized strategy while others use local strategy
产品储存在中心设施或各地仓库

Not an either or decision
不是一个非此即彼的决策
给下游顾客提供所需库存

Cross-docking strategy 直接转运

warehouses and distribution centers serve as transfer points for inventory 仓库/配送中心作库存转运点 no inventory is held at these transfer points. 转运点无库存 Centralized pooling and transshipment strategies 集中化&调运 may be useful when there is a large variety of different products