– breath sounds is increased – bronchial breath sounds – moist rales – vocal resonance increased – pleural friction rub if an acute pleuritis
exists
Signs of lobar pneumonia
Pulmonary: chest pain, tachypnea, cough and sputum(rusty)
Inspection视诊
– Face flushing, nares flaring, dyspnea, osis, – chest expansion reduced on the affected
Palpation：
The tactile fremitus is diminished over both side of the chest
Percussion：
hyperresonance 过清音
the area of cardiac dullness is diminished
The upper limit of liver dullness is lowered
It is included in a group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD.
Emphysema is called an obstructive lung disease because the destruction of lung tissue around smaller sacs, called alveoli, makes these air sacs unable to hold their functional shape upon exhalation.
Signs
Rapid shallow breathing Prolonged expiration Orthopnea Sweating osis respiratory mevement vocal fremitus Hyperresonance Diffused wheezing,
expiratory
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Pleural effusion is excess fluid that accumulates in the pleura, the fluidfilled space that surrounds the lungs.
side
Palpation触诊
– the vocal fremitus – Pleural friction fremitus
Percussion叩诊
– the percussion note is dull or flat over the affected area.
Auscultation听诊
Congestio n Respiras Percussion Dullness
Auscultatio Creptus n
Consolidatio n
Dullness flatness Tubular sound
Resolution
resonance crackles
Bronchial asthma
Symptoms
Onset: childhood/adolencence Features: recurrent attack, seasonal
symptoms Triggers: allergen exposure with
allergic rhinitis Dyspnea with wheezing, Cough with/without sputum Resolution with/without medications
Major symptoms and signs of respiratory diseases
大叶性肺炎
Triggers: “cold”, fatigue, alcoholism
Onset: acute
Cinical features:
Generalized: chills and fever(39~40oC, enecia), headach, myalgia,
Pulmonary emphysema
Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath.
In people with emphysema, the tissues necessary to support the physical shape and function of the lungs are destroyed.
Inspection
– A “barrel chest deformity”
– The chest is on an inspiratory position, with the ribs horizontal.
– The apex beat心尖搏动 of the heart is not visible.
Auscultation：
the breath sounds diminished in intensity or almost inaudible
Expiration is monly prolonged Rhonchi/wheezes or moist crackles
may be heared
Smoking Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution Infection Occupational Dusts and Chemicals Socioeconomic Status
Symptoms
Chronic cough Sputum production Exertional dyspnea