• • • • afflicted 折磨；使痛苦；使苦恼 up until 直到；截止到 moment 瞬间 ，时刻 maintain 保持，维持 procedural memories程序性记忆
• 病人们受顺行性健忘症所折磨，只能保留直到 大脑被破坏瞬间事情的长时记忆和维持他们的 程序性记忆.
• while they seem incapable of gaining new long term declarative memory for semantic or episodic information most are able to learn new procedural skills(like playing tennis).
• • • • • assumptions[ə'sʌmpʃən] n. 假定，设想 distinct adj. 明显的；清楚的； existence [ɪɡ'zɪstəns] n. 存在，实在；生存 free recall experiments 自由回想实验 studies of brain damaged patients脑损伤病人的 研究
• hippocampus海马区 suffer from患有，正遭受 • incapable无能力的 transfer传递
• 译文：顺行性健忘症是由于大脑中的海马区 受损导致的，那些患病的人没有能力把信息 从短时记忆传送到长时记忆.
• with these inability,they are essentially trapped in a world of experience that only lasts as long as their short term memory does.
Atkinson and Shiffrin regarded the stores as the structural components of the model ,but also proposed a number of control processes ,such as attention ,coding and rehearsal,which operate in conjunction with the stores .
• • • • • proposed 提出 existence 存在 precedes 领先；在…之先；优于 termed 被称为 multi-store model 多重储存模型
• 阿特金森和谢夫林提出了记忆的双加工理论 模型，来体现长时记忆和短时记忆存储中信 息的流动。像许多模型一样，他们假设一种 感觉记忆先于短时记忆存在，所以它有时被 称为多重储存模型
线 二
顺 行 性 健 • 译文：顺行性健忘症的案例像H.米尔纳与克 忘 利夫·韦尔林为长时记忆和短时记忆的区分 症 提供了强有力的证据。
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• • • •
anterograde amnesia 顺行性健忘症 distinction 区分 STM（short term memory的缩写）短时记忆 LTM（long term memory的缩写）长时记忆
• • • • • • •
was devoted to专注于 identify 识别，鉴定； properities 特性 sensory感觉的 cognitive 认知的，认识的 hypothetical 假设的 structure 结构
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• 许多研究致力于鉴定感觉记忆，短时记忆 和长时记忆的特性。认知心理学家像阿特 金森和谢夫林在1968年提出了结构储存假 设。
multi-store model of memory
多重储存记忆模型
• Much research was devoted to identifying the properities of sensory ,short term,and long term memory ,and cognitive psychologists such as Atkinson and shifrin (1968)began to regard them as stores-hypothetical holding structures.
CRITICISMS OF THE ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN MODEL
• 评论
• it is too rigid and simplistic information must flow in both directions for the model to be realistic,since there is a good deal of interaction bethis curve consists of. 系列位置曲线组 成为： • a. a primacy effect 首因效应 • b an asymptote 渐近线 • c a recency effect 近因效应
• further evidences for the primacy /recency effects comes from two other finding: • 首因效应和近因效应的更多证据来自于两 个另外的发现 • a.slower of presentation can improve the primacy effect but have little or no influence on the recency effect. • a.慢点陈述会提高首因效应，但对近因效 应没有影响
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自 由• 回• 忆• 实• 验•
subjects 被试 in succession [sək'seʃ(ə)n] 连续地 recall 回忆 pattern模式 serial position curve 系列位置曲线
• 在自由回想实验中，给了被试许多单词 （例如20个），要求被试连续记住单词， 但不必按次序回忆（自由回忆）结果就会 形成一种系列位置曲线的模式。
regarded as vt. 把…认作 structural adj. 结构的；建筑的 component adj. 组成的，构成的 n. 成分；组件 propose 提议，打算，建议 attention 。 n. 注意力； coding n. 译码 v. 把…编码 rehearsal 复述 operate vt. 操作；经营；引起 conjunction n. 结合；[语] 连接词；同时发生
• Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the twoprocess model of momery,which showed how information flowed through the two stores of short term and long term memory,but like many of the models,they assumed the existence of a sensory memory that precedes the short time memory ,and so it is sometimes termed the multi-store model.
• disappears 消失 straight away 立刻，马上 • interference干扰，冲突； • 译文：如果最后的单词没有马上回忆， 近因效应 就会消失。格兰泽和库尼兹在单词表的最后字母后 给被试一个干扰任务，发现首因效应，没有近因效 应。
• Cases of anterograde amnesia such as H.M(Milner et al,1978) or Clive waring(reported in Blakemore,1988) provide strong evidence for the 主 distinction between STM and LTM.
• essentially本质上
• 因为这种无能为力，他们实质上被困在一个只 有短时记忆能维持的经验的世界里。
• patients afflicted by anterograde amnesia often retain most of their long term memory for events up until the moment of brain damage and maintain their procedural memories.
• b.The recency effect disappears if the last words are not recalled straight away.Glanzer and Cunitz gave subjects an interference task immediately after the last word of the list and found a primacy but no receney effect.
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• 阿特金森和谢夫林把这些储存视为模型的 结构元素，也提出了许多控制过程，像注 意、编码和复述，这些过程和储存过程一 起操作。
• there are two main lines of evidence that support the model's assumptions about the way information flows through the systems and the distinct existence of short term and long term memory stores-free recall experiments and studies of brain damaged patients.
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• 这两条线索支持了模型假想，信息是通过 这种方式贯穿系统，长时记忆和短时记忆 存储明显存在，这两个证据是自由回忆实 验和脑损伤病人的研究。