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第8章液压系统控制元件资料

第八章液压系统控制元件(Control Components in Hydraulic Systems)8.1概述(INTRODUCTION)在任何液压传动系统中最重要的条件之一是控制。

如果控制元件选择不正确,整个系统起不到所需要的作用。

液压传动主要是通过称为液压阀的控制元件来实现控制的。

控制元件的选择不仅涉及到它的类型而且还要考虑其尺寸大小,操纵技术和远控能力。

控制元件有三种基本类型(One of the most important considerations in any fluid power system is control. If control components are not properly selected, the entire system will not function as required. Fluid power is controlled primarily through the use of control devices calledvalves. The selection of these control devices not only involves the type but also the size, the actuating technique, and remote-control capability. There are three basic types of control devices):✵方向控制阀(directional control valves);✵压力控制阀(pressure control valves);✵流量控制阀(flow control valves)。

方向控制阀在回路内部确定流动路线。

例如,它们确定液压缸或液压马达的工作方向。

控制流动路线的元件主要有单向阀、梭形阀和二位、三位、四位方向控制阀(Directional control valves determine the path through which a fluid traverses within a given circuit. For example, they establish the direction of motion of a hydraulic cylinder or motor. This control of the fluid path is accomplished primarily by cheek valves, shuttlevalves, and two-way, three-way, and four-way directional control valves)。

压力控制阀防止系统超载,它可能是由于流体需要压缩而逐渐形成的可能是由于阀开启或关闭所产生的突然冲击。

逐渐形成的压力是由溢流阀、减压阀、顺序阀、卸荷阀和平衡阀来控制的。

当然,压力反馈的油泵也能用于防止超载。

压力冲击能瞬时产生比正常系统压力高四倍的压力。

吸震器是用来消除压力冲击和衰减液压震动的液压装置(Pressure control valves protect the system against overpressure, which may occur due to a gradual buildup as fluid demand decreases or due to a sudden surge as valves open or close. The gradual buildup of pressure is controlled by pressure relief, pressure reducing, sequence, unloading, and counterbalance valves. Of course, pressure-compensatedpumps can also be used. Pressure surges can produce an instantaneous in pressure as much as four times the normal system pressure. Shock absorbers are hydraulic devices designed to smooth out pressure surges and to dampen out hydraulic shock)。

此外,对液压回路的各管道中的流量也必须进行控制。

例如,控制决定于流量的执行元件的速度。

这类控制是通过使用流量控制阀来实现的。

变量泵也能用来控制执行元件的速度除非系统包含每一个都必须以不同的速度工作的几个执行元件。

在这种情况下就需要独立式的流量控制阀。

无补偿的流量控制阀用于不需精确的速度控制,此时由于经过流量控制阀的压降而使流量发生变化。

压力补偿流量控制阀自动调节压降的大小以保持恒定的流量(In addition, fluid flow rate must be controlled in various lines of a hydraulic circuit. Forexample, the control of actuator speeds depends on flow rates. This type of control is accomplished through the use of flow control valves. A variable displacement pump can also be used to control actuator speed unless the system contains several actuators each of which must operate at different speeds. In such a case separate flow control valves are required. Noncompensated flow control valves are used where precise speed control is not required since flow rate varies with pressure drop across a flow control valve. Pressure-compensated flow control valves automatically adjust to changes in pressure drop to produce a constant flow rate)。

8.2 方向控制阀(DIRECTIONAL CONTROL V ALVES)一、单向阀(CHECK V ALVE)✵功用(function):使液体只能单向通过(Make the fluid can only one-way through)。

✵性能要求(performance requirements):压力损失小,反向截止密封性好(The pressure loss is small, the opposite direction close good tightness)。

✵分类(classification):普通单向阀(check valve),液控单向阀(pilot-operated check valve)。

1.普通单向阀(check valve)⑴结构(structure):由阀体、阀芯和复位弹簧等组成(The valve body, valveelement and reset spring,etc)。

⑵工作原理(operating principle ):✵正向导通(Forward pass fluid ):✵反向截止(Reverse cut-off ):↓F 2=p 2A 2+Fs >F 1=p 1A1阀芯紧压阀口←单向阀反向截止压力油(p 2)由出油口进入单向阀→压力油作用于阀芯产生F 2=p 2A 2→↓压力油(p 2)由出油口流出单向阀←单向阀导通阀芯脱离阀口p 1A 1>F s →阀芯右移←→压力油作用于阀芯产生F 1=p 1A 1→压力油(p 1)由进油口进入单向阀⑶职能符号(function symbol):⑷性能参数(performance parameters)✵开启压力(Opening pressure):0.035~0.05MPa;✵压力损失(pressure loss):Δp<0.1~0.3MPa;作背压阀时,其背压力为(Be back pressure valve, the back pressure for)0.2~0.6MPa。

2.液控单向阀(pilot-operated check valve)⑴结构(structure):由阀体、阀芯、控制活塞、推杆和复位弹簧等组成(The valve body, valve element, control piston, push rod, and reset spring, etc)。

⑵工作原理(operating principle ):①正向导通(Forward pass fluid ):同单向阀(And check valve the same )。

②反向导通(Reverse pass fluid ):✵液控单向阀(pilot-operated check valve ):↓↓↓F k =p k A k >F 2=p 2A 2+F s 压力油(p 2)由进油口流出液控单向阀单向阀反向导通→→→→压力油(p 2)由出油口进入单向阀压力油作用于阀芯产生F 2=p 2A 2F 2=p 2A 2+Fs >F 1=p 1A 1单向阀反向截止推杆抵靠单向阀阀芯→推动控制活塞上行→推杆上行→控制油液作用于控制活塞产生F k =p k A k 控制油液经控制油口(K 口)进入液控单向阀→✵带卸荷阀芯的液控单向阀(Take unloading valve element pilot-operated check valve ):↓↓↑↑↑压力油(p 2)由出油口进入液控单向阀压力油作用于单向阀阀芯产生F 2=p 2A 2单向阀反向截止→F 2=p 2A 2+Fs >F 1=p 1A 1←推动控制活塞上行←控制活塞推动推杆上行←→控制油液作用于控制活塞产生F k =p k A k→控制油液经控制油口(K 口)进入液控单向阀←推杆继续上行←卸荷阀芯上行←控制活塞继续上行←推杆抵靠卸荷阀芯卸荷阀芯锥形部分脱离单向阀阀芯→少量压力油(p 2)经卸荷阀芯与主阀芯间的通道流向进油口(p 1口)→压力油(p 2)由进油口流出液控单向阀推杆抵靠单向阀阀芯F k =p k A k >F 2=p 2A 2+F s→单向阀反向导通液控单向阀卸荷⑶职能符号(function symbol):⑷性能参数(performance parameters)控制压力(control pressure):pk ≈30~40%p,p-主油路压力(The main fluid pressure)。

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