A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see
2．分词作状语的句法功能：分词或分词短语作状语时，可以
表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。 表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。
Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间) Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间)
话人对说话内容所特ing from / by…; generally/strictly/frankly speaking; according to; including; owing to…; talking/ speaking of …(谈及) 2) 过去分词的独立结构 given…(考虑到…); provided that…(如果…) 3) 不定式的独立结构
United,we stand;divided,we fall.
Seriously injured,he had to be taken to hospital.
She walked out of the house,followed by her little daughter.
二、不定式作状语 1. 表目的： 有时候用in order to do / so as to do(不用于 句首) He got up early in order to catch the first bus. The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. In order to arrive before dark, we started early.
Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因) Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)
The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. ( 结果)
非谓语动词作状语
一、分词作状语
1．分词作状语的基本原则 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语
保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑 上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语 。 1) _____ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. 2) _____ from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay.
三、独立成分作状语
特殊的独立结构 有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说
to tell you the truth; to make things worse;
to begin with / to start with / to be frank 4) 动词原形
believe it or not (信不信由你) 5) 作连词的分词 ,这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that 从句。
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)
Heated,water changes into steam.
considering (考虑到，就…而言)，providing / provided …假如， supposing 假如
3. 表结果 She went abroad never to return. My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China. 1) so adj. as to do / such … as to … He was so angry as to be unable to speak. We are not such fools as to believe him. 2) too…to…, enough to do…等结构表示结果 This book is easy enough for me to read. The ice is thick enough to walk on. She is too tired to do the job. 3) only to …(表未曾料到的结果) They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. I went to see him only to find him out. 注意：动词作结果作状语表示未曾预料的结果，而现在分词作结 果状语表示自然而然或必然的结果。
2. 表原因：在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、衷、乐 后跟不定式表示原因： easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,g ood,important,impossible,dangerous,surprised,astonished, delighted,disappointed I am glad to hear the news. I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill.