语用学讲义1:蕴涵
Utterance(a):Annie RUINED the sweater. Utterance(b):Annie ruined the SWEATER. Utterance(c):ANNIE ruined the sweater.
Entailment1:‘Someone ruined the sweater.’ Entailment2:‘Annie did something to the
当分裂句被用在口语里时,也会伴随某种重音指派方 式,一些有趣的意义就会浮现出来。试比较:
(c)It wasn’t ME who burnt the toast. (d)It WASN’T me burnt the toast.
4、在以下每对句子中,假设其中一个句子是人为性 正确的话,另一个句子是否也自动正确?
1(a)Goldilocks(金发姑娘) saw a bear. 1(b)Goldilocks saw an animal. 2(a)This porridge is too cold. 2(b)This porridge is not too hot. 3(a)Baby Bear cried. 3(b)Baby Bear wept. 4(a)Mama Bear is in front of Papa Bear. 4(b)Papa Bear is behind Mama Bear. 单向蕴涵(One-way entailment) 双向蕴涵(Two-way entailment)
(a)My mother is a woman.
(b) My mother is a doctor.
(c) The tiger is unhappy.
(d) My mother is a boy.
(e) The tiger is a reptile(爬虫).
分析型句子(analytic sentence):字面意思即可决定句 子真假。
9、试着写下三个分析型句子,如“My mother is a woman.”,并设想一个语境,使表 面上没有什么有效信息的话段事实上向听话人 传递了特别有效的信息。
10、试着写下三个表面上矛盾的句子,如 “My mother is a boy.”,并设想有一个语境使 表面上无意义的话段对听话人而言是有有意义 的。
11、在练习6里,我们注意到落在一个词上的重音可以 用来凸显某一特别的蕴涵。某些句子结构也可以做到, 尤其是在没有重音表示的书面语里特别有用。后一种 句子一般叫作分裂句(cleft sentence):
(a)The PAINTERS broke the window.(口语) (b)It was the painters who broke the window.(书面语)
5、在下面每组对话中,请找出从语义学观点来看是 冗余(redundant)或矛盾(contradictory)的信息。 然后用语用学术语这些信息可以告诉听话人些什么。
(a)Tome:What’s your stepmother(继母)
like?
Bob: Well, she’s a woman and she married
(c)Send in your competition answers with your name,age,and how old you are.
(d)So you’re a housewife and a mother.Do you have any children?
2、现在假设你来自另一个星球。你已经学过英语的词 汇和语法,但你以前从未来过地球,从未见过任何地球 上的人。作为你们星球的习惯,你理解任何东西都是根 据字面意思。现在你的任务是判断以下句子的正误,并 说明你的理由。
8、给以下每个句子提供两个蕴涵。一个是单 向蕴涵,一个是双向蕴涵。
(a)My sister-in-law grows roses. (b)Steve is furious. (c)Tom sold a computer to Mark. (d)My brother repaired my car.
人为型句子(synthetic sentence):只能根据现实世界 的事实来判断真(人为性正确)假(人为性错误),而 非字面意思所能体现出来的。
3、假设以下例中的(a)句都是人为性正确 的。然后再看(b)句,根据正确的(a)句 能否认为(b)自然就是正确的。
1(a)Annie caught a trout(鳟鱼). 1(b)Annie caught a fish. 2(a)Annie is thin. 2(b)Annie is not fat. 3(a)Annie baked a cake. 3(b)Annie baked something.
sweater.’ Entailment3:‘Annie ruined something.’
7、下面哪些句子不能被判断为“真”或“假”, 除非你有额外的非语言信息:
(a)My hamster(仓鼠) is a mammal. (b)My cousin is a girl. (c)My sister is a girl. (d)My sister is female. (e)I saw a female rock. (f)I saw a female tortoise. (g)My cat likes ice-cream. (h)My sick cat is not well.
第2讲 蕴涵
1、看以下出自广播和电视播音员之口的一个 个“话语片段”。它们有什么问题?
(a)It’s been an amazing year for Crystal Palace over the past 12 months.
(b)The robbery was committed by a pair of identical twins,both are said to be about age 20.
my father.
(b)Dave:There’s your Uncle George.
Lucy:That man’s a snake.
(c)Jane:You ate all the coo of the cookies
6、对于Annie ruined the sweater这句话来说,可 以有三种不同的重音模式。请将每句话与其凸显 的蕴涵连接上。当你做这个练习时,再考虑一下, 信息是怎样根据重音变化来变化的。