middleware n. 中间（软）件 difficult-to-classify 难以分类 liteware n.（light ware）不具备部分性能的共享软件 shareware n. 共享软件 freeware n. 免费软件 spreadsheet n. 电子制表软件，电子表格 CAD/CAM 计算机辅助设计/制造 custom-made a. 定做的, 订制的 payroll n. 工资单 general-purpose programs 通用程序 Unix n. UNIX操作系统，一种多用户的计算机操作系统
6.1 Basic Software Concepts
An additional and difficult-to-classify category of software is the utility, which is a small useful program with limited capability. Some utilities come with operating systems. Like application, utilities tend to be separately installable and capable of being used independently of the rest of the operating system. 另外一种难以分类的软件是实用软件，它是容量有限、但却 有用的小程序。一些实用程序捆绑在操作系统中。跟应用程 序一样，实用程序一般另外安装，并允许独立于操作系统使 用。
6.1 Basic Software Concepts
6.1 Basic Software Concepts
Software can be purchased or acquired as shareware (usually intended for sale after a trial period), liteware (shareware with some capability disable), freeware (free software but with copyright restrictions), public domain software (free with no restriction), and free software (software whose users agree not to limit its further distribution). 按购买或获取的途径，软件可以分为共享软件（通常在试验 期后打算销售），不具有部分性能的共享软件，免费软件 （免费但拷贝权受到限制），公共软件（不限制拷贝），和 用户同意不限制进一步分发销售的免费软件。
Computer English
Chapter 6 Software Engineering
Requirements:
• • • • • 掌握软件的生命周期的基本术语与知识； 了解软件工程的发展趋势； 了解软件设计方法； 了解软件安全的有关知识； 掌握复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧。
Requirements:
1. 了解操作系统是如何实现资源分配和用户接口功 能的。 2. 通过学习操作系统功能的演化，认识操作系统在 实现过程中采用的基本概念与技术，了解操作系 统设计中的概念。 3. 认识操作系统的结构，了解当前常见操作系统的 特点 4. 掌握被动语态的翻译技巧。
6.1 Basic Software Concepts New Words & Expressions:
软件是一个用于操作计算机及其相关设备的各种程序的总称。 名词“硬件”描述了计算机和相关设备的物理概念。
6.1 Basic Software Concepts
Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the invariable part. Software is often divided into application software (programs that do work users are directly interested in) and system software (which includes operating systems and many programs). The term middleware is sometimes used to describe programming that mediates between application and system software or between two different kinds of application software (for example, converting data from one file format to another file format). 软件可以看作是一个计算机中可变的部分，而硬件是不可变的部 分。软件通常可以划分为应用软件（用户直接感兴趣的程序）和 系统软件（包括操作系统和许多其它程序）。中间件有时用来指 处于应用程序和系统程序之间，或两种不同的应用软件之间的编 程（例如，实现将数据从一种文件ware Concepts
Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices. The term hardware describes the physical aspects of computers and related devices.