Unit 5 The Real Truth about LiesKey to the ExercisesText comprehensionI. Decide which of the following best sums up the argument of the passage.CII. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false.1. T (Refer to Paragraph 3. It is true that women tell lies because they care about others' feelings, and men are more selfish; they tell lies generally for self-promoting purposes.)2. T (Refer to Paragraph 5.)3. T (Refer to Paragraph 6.)4. F (Refer to Paragraph 12. Even seemingly harmless falsehoods, or white lies, can have unforeseen consequences.)5. F (Refer to Paragraph 16. There are still occasions where lies are acceptable.)III. Answer the following questions.1. Refer to Paragraphs 2-5. Professor DePaulo's study suggests that lying is a common phenomenon and most of the lies we tell are small and insignificant. Meanwhile, as she points out, it is common that people take lies lightly: their lies have caused them little preoccupation or regret.2. Refer to Paragraph3. According to the passage, the purpose of telling lies or white lies varies: women tell lies according to the principle of caring, or to spare other's feelings, and men tell lies basically for utilitarian self-promoting purposes.3. Refer to Paragraphs 7-10. The story of Tom supports the argument that little white lies are ubiquitous, and people have taken such lies for granted, believing that they are well-intended. When he consulted with Michael Josephson, the reply is very negative: his mother-in-law may feel hurt when she discovers the deceit some day. Or even worse, she may question: "And what else have you lied to me about?" In short, such white lies may produce mistrust among people.4. Refer to Paragraphs 12-15. The consequences of lying are three-fold: the deceived may feel cheated and won't trust the liar anymore; the liar will lose trust and get entangled in the lies he fabricates; and, if lies proliferate endlessly, society as a whole would falter and collapse as trust is damaged or destroyed.5. Refer to Paragraph 16. Not all white lies are unacceptable. Some falsehoods like setting somebody up for a surprise party or telling children about the tooth fairy can be justified. However, you have to consider the attitude of the deceived towards lying and the consequences, i.e. whether your act will undermine his trust in you.IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences.1. When we start to tell a lie, we have entered a very intricate situation, as a lie often requires further lies until the whole structure of lies becomes so complex that it ensnares the liar.2. One is less inhibited from lying; his ability to make moral right and wrong judgments is dulled, and he may become less cautious against being caught.3. The most understandable and acceptable lies are those which are told for the sake of love and care at the expense of trust, according to the ethicists.Structural analysis of the textParagraphs 12-15: the consequences of telling liesParagraphs 16-18: which lies to be avoidedRhetorical features of the textExample 1: 20,000 middle- and high-schoolers were surveyed by the Josephson Institute of Ethics -- a nonprofit organization in Marina del Rey, California. (Paragraph 5) Example 2: Philosopher Sissela Bok warns us that ... (Paragraph 12)Vocabulary exercisesI. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words.1. very important/shocking/traumatic2. avoid hurting the other's feelings/avoid doing something that would upset the other person3. telling the truth with a favorable emphasis or slant/modifying the truth4. a course of action which can easily lead to something unacceptable, wrong, or disastrous5. under any circumstances/whatever might happen(Some similar expressions: at any cost, whatever the cost)II. Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word taken from the box in its appropriate form.1. supportive2. perceived3. prevarication4. astounded5. undermine6. faltered7. fibs 8. volunteeredIII. F ill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. unethical2. feigned3. unsparing4. cynical5. confoundedly6. lubricated7. entangled 8. WillfulIV. Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation taken from the text.1. cover up2. blurted out3. set up4. find out5. wear/wore down6. specializes in7. professes to8. complimented ... onV. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. Synonym: evasion (equivocation)2. Synonym: chronic (repeated)3. Synonym: common (prevalent, omnipresent)4. Antonym: slightly5. Antonym: insult (reproach, criticize)6. Synonym: distort7. Synonym: growth (multiplication)8. Antonym: strengthened (consolidated)VI. Explain the underlined phrasal verbs in your own words.1. cancelled2. overcome3. follow4. fell into5. make it more acceptable6. feel unhappy about7. removed from consideration8. reserve for future useGrammar exercisesI. Identify the meaning of the words in italics.1. probability2. possibility3. intention4. possibility5. necessity6. possibility7. obligation 8. probabilityII. Complete each sentence with what you think the most appropriate of the four choices given.1. C2. C (We don't use may/might in a question when they refer to possibility.)3. B (Should is used after if to suggest a less strong possibility.)4. A (I don't think he could have been there = I don't think it's possible that he was there.)5. D (Won't here suggests refusal.)6. B (In a request for permission, the speaker uses the past modal to show politeness.)7. B8. B (Could refers to a general ability in the past while was able to refers to a single achievement in the past.)9. A (Dare is used as a lexical verb in this sentence. It can be followed by an infinitive either with or without to.)10. AIII. Rewrite the sentences below using the words and phrases from the box.1. He can't have told us everything.2. Something must have gone wrong.3. She can't be only thirty years old.4. They may not know yet.5. The road could/may have been closed.6. The police must know that.7. There may/could have been a traffic jam.(We don't use "can+have done" in a positive statement.)8. The letter could/may arrive today.9. That will/must be my mother.10. There should be time to do some shopping.IV. Rewrite the following sentences, using verbless clauses.1. When in doubt, tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends.2. When heated, metal expands.3. If true, it will cause us a lot of trouble.4. Whenever possible, they should be typed.5. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.6. Send the goods now, if ready.7. If necessary, ring me at home.8. He glanced about as if in search of something.V. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the verbs given.1. discussing, having reached2. paying3. Lying, sitting4. to pacify, to be pacified, grumbling5. repeat, to make, to do6. going, stay7. to see, to avoid, hitting8. to arrive, rising9. doing10. to make, to seeVI. Make sentences of your own after the sentences given below, keeping the italicized parts in your sentences.1. You're all put into different groups according to your ability.According to my dictionary, there are several meanings for that word.2. Whether you like it or not, it's going to happen.They will leave whether you agree or not.Translation exercisesI. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. 最惊人的是，这些撒了数以千计谎言的人声称，欺骗行为并没有让他们十分“纠结或愧疚”。