2020/7/22
Type-of and part-whole compounds
2020/7/22
Type-of and part-whole compounds
2020/7/22
Part-whole compounds
• see examples: “Apple juice”, “Coat collar”(p101,p103)
2020/7/22
The emergence of new basic level categories from compounds
2020/7/22
The emergence of new basic level categories from compounds
• Figure2.14:
Attribute links of the subordinate category WHEELCHAIR
• Part-whole compounds: categories such as coat collar are
conceived as parts or accessories(附件) of the wholes represented by the first element of the compound (coat), whose conceptual weight overrides the type-of relationship (a type of collar) in the minds of the ordinary language user.
2020/7/22
Type-of (t/o) and part-whole (p/w) relationship involving the categories kitchen, house and town
room
t/o
building p/w
town
t/o
p/w
p/w
house
p/w
kitchen
as a cognitive category with prototypical instances which satisfy all three criteria and less prototypical instances that do not.
2020/7/22
Action categories
2020/7/22
The myth of the ‘simple’ subordinates
• Look at these subordinate words: Daisy : ‘day’s eye’ (flower)
Dime : ‘decimus’ (the tenth) (money)
Terrier (dog)
1. Cognitive units are not discrete. 2. Cognitive or folk taxonomies can be inconsistent by admitting
competing superordinates.
2020/7/22
Basic level categorizes and basic experiences:
2020/7/22
Properties
• Basic levels categories or basic experiences?
1. Basic levels categories The category structure of properties depends on the object and organism categories.
2. Cognitive experiences • Properties may reflect basic experiences, which can be seen on a
2020/7/22
: ‘terra’ (earth)
The myth of the ‘simple’ subordinates
• Conclusion:
Most simple or unanalyzable subordinates are in fact not simple in terms of underlying cognitive categories, but are based on an expressed modifier category and an unexpressed implicit(隐性的) head category.
• EAT
• Three important criteria:
(a) Large bundles of correlated attributes (b) Structured as potential for gestalt perception
2020/7/22
Categorization and composite word forms
• Type-of and part-whole compounds • The emergence of new basic level categories
from compounds • The myth of the ‘simple’ subordinates
2020/7/22
The myth of the ‘simple’ subordinates
• Rose: Not only is subordinate to flower , but also is
basic level status for this cognitive category • Two basic tenets(原则) of the cognitive approach:
Action categories
• Conclusions:
1. Verbal compounds are extremely rare in English. 2. There is no a uniform gestalt for subordinates in action category. 3. Many of the action categories seem closer to the basic level than
proper subordinates.
2020/7/22
Event categories
• Event category: action or object (or organism) categories are
fused into categories of a secondary, but still very basic, nature. • Perspective from partonomies:
• Conclusions:
1.The more source categories are involved in the structuring of a composite category, the smaller the contribution of the individual cognitive category becomes.
Conclusion: folk taxonomies are characterized by gaps, inc2o02n0s/7i/s2t2encies and alternative paths.
Conceptual hierarchies
• Type-of hierarchies • Part-whole hierarchies
2020/7/22
Properties
• Results:
It is helpful for the understanding of collocational possibilities and restrictions of the adjective. Less certain: Whether they can be regarded as sufficient proof for Dirven and Taylor’s claim that TALLNESS is cognitive category with a prototype and rich cognitive structure.
2. A new, self-supporting basic level has been created, if the number source categories reaches a level that makes it difficult to handle the all, parasitic(寄生) categorization becomes irrelevant, the attributes are thought to be attached to the compound category itself.
(a) Factual falsehood (b) Falsity of belief (c) Intention to deceive
• Method: fictitious stories “dinner party”, “a child’s denial” • Conclusion: The meanings of the verb lie can be understood
2020/7/22
Levels of Categorization
• Conceptual hierarchies • Categorization and composite word forms • Basic level categorizes and basic experiences
2020/7/22