I.Fill in the BlanksThe full and official name of uk is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The UK is an __island_____ country.The UK is located in the __northwestern Europe. _244,100 __square kilometers, the 75th__largest country in the world.The UK is country of island surrounded by__North sea_______ ( to its east),___Atlantic ocean__ (to its north)___Irish sea (to its west and between Great Britain and Ireland),________English Channel and Strait of Dover_____ (to its south).The British Isles –a geographic term which includes two large islands, Great Britainand Ireland island , and 5,000 small islands.Great Britain: comprises only England , Scotland and _Wales___.Ireland island: includes Northern Ireland and southern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of The UK , while southern Ireland became an independent country– Republic of Ireland .The UK is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .The UK is made up of England , Scotland , __Wales and Northern Ireland.The largest part of U.K. is _ England __.In 1707, by the Act of Union , Scotland joined the kingdom of Great Britain.Ben Nevis, (The Ben), 1344 m,the highest mountain in Scotland and the UK .The capital of Wales is Cardiff ,a small city.Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC.The full official name of the country is the United States of America, usually referred to asthe U.S.A.In the United States, _ Houston __, which is a city of Texas, is nicknamed “ the Space City”.Harvard is located in __ Boston __, which is also called “ The Athens of America” from the teaching and research carried out in over 100 colleges and universities.The “first Americans” were the Indians .In 1492, Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands.The New World was named America to honor Amerigo Vespucci.The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.September 22, 1862 issued the Emancipation Proclamation which granted freedom to about 4 million slaves.On April 9, 1865，The Civil War officially ended with the unconditional surrender of the South.The Severn River is the longest river in Britain (355km).The Thames River is the second largest and most important river in Britain (338km).The Clyde River is the most important river in Scotland (170km).Continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The 2 newest states: Alaska and Hawaii separated from continental United States .Alaska borders on northwestern Canada, Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.Its Atlantic coast faces the developed countries of Western Europe, and its Pacific coast and Hawaii give the nation an approach to the Far East and Australasia.In the past the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans served as natural barriers between the US and the rest of the world. This allowed the US to grow and become strong with little outside interference.II.Explain the Following TermsThe Backbone of England:The Pennines is called the back bone of England. The highest point of the Pennines is Cross Fell.(893 meters). The mountain takes on a general dip towards the east and fades into the low ground bordering the North Sea .Lake District:It is on the west side of the northern Pennines (northwest of England), it is a very famous touring spot in Britain ; it has an immense variety of mountain, lake and valley scenery, and many high, rocky cliffs; it is the home of the lake poets Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey of the 19th century.Giant’s Causeway : It is the 8th Natural Wonder of the World . A stretch of basaltic rock pillars weathered to different heights and presenting a stepped surface on the north coast of Northern Ireland. 37,000columns formed by cooling lava.The River Thames: “If there were no Thames, there would be no London.” The River Thames is the lifeline of London, flows through London and goes into the English Channel.Lough Neagh is the largest lake on the British Isles in Northern Ireland (396 km).Loch Ness is the best-known lake in Northern Scotland because of the Loch Ness monster.Birmingham:Birmingham is a metropolitan district and an industrial and manufacturing city(pop.977087) (2001) in the West Midlands,the second largest city in England,and the market centre of the Black Country.It is famous for metal goods, hardware, cars, electrical equipment, machine tools, jewellery, small arms and plastics.Liverpool:Liverpool is the second largest port (pop.439 473) of England, a metropolitan district with City status in Merseyside on the Mersey estuary. Its industries are shipbuilding,engineering,food processing and sugar refining. The University of Liverpool was built in 1903.The Beatles:The Beatles were an English pop and rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, and one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. From 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon (rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals) and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). As the band devoloped , lots of the great songs were produce. Yesterday is one of them. It was recorded by for their 1965 album Help!. The song remains popular today with more than 3,000 recorded cover versions.Glasgow ：Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom.Glasgow is in Scotland on the River Clyde,a manufacturing and shipping centre.Products are iron and steel, machinery, chemicals,textiles and clothing.The Uiversity of Glasgow(1450) and Strathclyde University (1964) are to be found there.Cardiff ：Cardiff is a port (pop.305 353) (2001) and district in S.Glamorgan,Wales,on the River Taff.Industries are shipping (the Bristol Channel),iron and steel.University College,Cardiff(1863),is part of the University of Wales.Edinburgh ：Edinburgh is the capital (pop.449 020) (2001) of Scotland since the 15th century and main town of Lothian,built around the rocky ridge on which its fortified castle stands.Its adjoining port,Leith,lies on the south shore of the Firth of Forth.Industries are banking,insurance,printing,publishing,shipbuilding,chemicals,distilling and brewing.The university was founded in 1583.It holds an international festival of music and the arts every year.The Hadri an’s Wall and Antonine Wall: The Romans built two great walls to keep the Picts. One was Hadrian’s Wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle, the other was Antonine Wall linking the estuaries（河口）of the Forth and the Clyde.Uncle Sam :It is a figure symbolizing the United States ,it portrayed as a tall, white-haired man with a goatee,often dressed in red, white, and blue, and wears a top hat.“Uncle Sam” to the United State s is “John Bull” to UK.The Appalachian Mountains: The Appalachian Mountains run slightly from the northeast to southwest . The Appalachian Mountains are old (have been worn out over millions of years) and low (the highest peak is only a little over 2,000 metres) , noted for virgin forests and mines ,served as a natural barrier for westward movement during the early settlement.The Rocky Mountains:The Rocky Mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. The Rocky Mountains are younger (are consi dered as young as China’s Himalayas) and high (with the higher peak Elbert of about 4,500 metres),and it the backbone of the North American continent and is known as the Continental Divide.,famous for lots of natural national parks It is also known as the Continental Divide, because it separates the major river systems of the United States.The Mississippi:The Mississippi is 3,782 kilometres long and is called “father of waters” and the “old man river” .The Mississippi and its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the world .They form a 19,000-kilometre system of waterways and serve as important means of transportation.The Missouri :The Missouri is over 6,000 kilometres, and is one of the longest rivers in the world runs 3,725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi.The Ohio :The Ohio is about 1,500 kilometres long and is called the American Ruhr (after the Ruhr River in Germany), famous for its rich valuable deposits.The area is well known for its steel industry.The First Continental Congress:In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was heldin Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.The Second Continental Congres:The Second Continental Congress(three weeks after the battle at Lexington in 1775 ) founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of Washington; Appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration(Thomas Jefferson was the man who draft it), the Declaration of Independence, And adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.The Treaty of Paris :In September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States; The war was from 1775 to 1781, it shows that, in a just war ,a weak nation can defeat a strong one. American people gained independence and capitalism developed in America. It also had great international influence.Gettysburg Address：On November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended his speech with these memorable words:“ That government of the people ,by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.The Great Depression:In October 1929, the stock market crashed, marketing the beginning of the Great Depression. During the great depression, the United States experienced deflation, unemployment soared from 3% in 1929 to 25% in 1933, and manufacturing output collapsed by one-third.The Truman Doctrine: the U.S government should support any country which said it was fighting against commuism. It was put forward by the U.S. President Truman in 1947。