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数学专业本科毕业论文

理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 1 页共 18页杨瑞(理学院数学与应用数学 0301班)指导教师:宋文青摘要:正项级数收敛的判别法在级数的收敛法中占有极其重要的地位.常见的判别法有比较判别法,达朗贝尔比值判别法,柯西判别法,高斯判别法,柯西积分判别法等.对于上述判别法,它们都有一定的条件限制,为了找到更简单,适用条件更广的判别法,国内外学者或者在一般判别法的基础上做了推广或者提出了一些新的判别法.近几年,关于正项级数收敛性判别法又有了一些新的研究,主要是针对一些新判别法的适用条件进行了讨论.本文主要分两部分对正项级数的判别法进行了推广,第一部分对比值判别法进行了推广,给出了比值判别法在失效情况下的判别方法,这也是本文的主要部分,第二部分对比较判别法进行了推广.这些推广的新的判别法解决了原判别法的条件限制,使其更具一般性,适用性更广.:正项级数;收敛性;发散性;判别法A Generalization of Convergence Criterion for PositiveProgressionsYang Rui(0301 Mathematics and Applied Mathematics School of Science )The instructor: Song Wen-qingAbstract: Convergence Criterion for Positive Progressions holds the extremely importantstatus in the progression. The common criterions include the comparison distinction law,reaches the bright Bell ratio distinction law, west the tan oak distinguishes the law, Gaussdistinguishes the law, west the tan oak the integral distinction law and so on, but these distinctionlaws all have the certain condition limit. In order to find out more simply and more widely-useddistinction laws, domestic and foreign scholars have made some promotion or worked out somenew distinction laws.In recent years, there are several new researches about positive progressions astringencydistinguished the law mainly aiming at discussing applicable requirements of new distinction济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 2 页共 18页law. This article was mainly divided in 2 parts to carry on the promotion of the series ofpositive progressions distinction law. The first part promotes specific value distinction law aswell as shows distinguishable methods when it doesn’t work. It is also the main part of this work.The second part carries on the promotion of the comparison distinction law and it uses the corresponding distinction law to judge the series of positive progressions astringency. Thesenew distinction laws have solved the require mental limits of the original distinction lawsmaking them more general, making their serviceability broader.Keywords: positive progression series; convergence; divergence; criterion1 引言正项级数收敛的判别法在级数的收敛法中占有极其重要的地位.常见的判别法有比较判别法,达朗贝尔比值判别法,柯西判别法,高斯判别法,柯西积分判别法等.由于条件的限制,在判断某些类型的题目时会失效,所以必须要寻找一些新的判别法来解决这些题本文主要对比较判别法、达朗贝尔判别法进行了推广.下面先介绍比较判别法、达朗贝尔判别法以及正项级数收敛性的相关定理.1,,1定理正项级数收敛的充要条件是:部分和数列有界,即存在某正数M,对一uS,,,nnS切正整数n有<M. n1,,2定理(比较原则)设和是两个正项级数,如果存在某正数N,对一切n>Nuv,,nnuv都有, ,nn(i)若级数收敛,则级数也收敛; vu,,nn(ii)若级数发散,则级数也发散. uv,,nn1,,N3定理设为正项级数,且存在某正整数及常数q(0<q<1)达朗贝尔判别法u,,0,nun,1qN,(i)若对一切n>,成立不等式 0un则级数收敛. u,nun,1N,1(ii)若对一切n>,成立不等式 0un则级数发散. u,n1,,4定理若为正项级数,且比式判别法的极限形式u,,,n济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 3 页共 18页un,1qlim,, n,,un则(i)当q<1 时,级数收敛; u,n,,(ii)当q>1或q=时,级数发散. u,n2达朗贝尔判别法的推广与应用 2.1达朗贝尔判别法的一类推广与应用un,1lim1,由达朗贝尔判别法判别法极限形式知,当时,正项级数可能收敛也可u,nn,,un能发散,我们无法直接用达朗贝尔判别法判别法判断其敛散性,此时这种判别法失效,为了解决这一问题,给出新的判别法.新的判别法适用条件更广,运算更简洁.2.1.1达朗贝尔判别法判别法的第一种推广,na22,,naaa,,01引理正项级数若,且则 n,1,2,plim,,,,,nn,1nn,,,an1n,1a(i) 当p<时,则级数收敛 ,n,2n1,1a(ii) 当p>时,则级数发散 ,n,2n1,,7n,,amaaa,,0定理1 若,则级数收敛当且仅当收敛(其中mn,1,2,,,n,,nn,1mn,,n1n1是大于1的正整数)n证明:(1)设则 Mmaaa,,,,n12mnaaa,,,aaa,,,Mm<( )+()+()++(aaa,,,2121m,121m,mm,1m,1,,naa,) nm,1m,,nn<++ ma,1mma,1mma,1,,,,,,m1mnnmamama,,,,1= ,,,,mm1济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 4 页共 18页,,nnmaa收敛,级数也收敛;所以若级数,,mn,,n1n12nnn(2)= Mmaaaaaaa,,,,,,,,,()(),,121mmmm,m1,,,m,1m,1,,,,2namamama,,,,ama,,1> ,,,,mma1,,,,2n,,21m1mmmmmmn,1,, mma,1,,nmm,1,,2namamama,,,,= 2n,,1mmmm,,nmaa所以若级数发散,级数也发散. n,,mn,,n1n1,,nama由(1)(2)得,级数收敛当且仅当收敛. n,,mn,,n1n1,aa对于一般项收敛较慢的级数,定理1给出了一个判别法,观其条件还可以,nn,n1进行推广,得到更一般的形式,用定理的形式叙述如下:,aaa,,0定理2:正项级数,若,存在kNk,,,2,使得n,1,2,,,,nn,1n,n1 k,1nakn,则 plim,n,,an,1a(1)当p<时,则级数收敛 ,n,kn1,1a(2)当p>时,则级数发散 ,n,kn1kmmm证明:令,,nk, uka,vku,mmmmkk由定理知与同收敛,与同收敛,所以与同收敛 auuvav,,,,,,nmmmnmakm,1m,1kkmkaukuakkkm,1mm,,11v11k,,kkmk,1kkm,1nm,,,,,,n,km,,mkmkakaukkukvakkmmmkmmnkkkakv1k,1nm,1所以 nplimlim,,,nk,,,,akvnm济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 5 页共 18页vm,1kplim,= 即 lk,,vmKakni,piKpplim1,2,,,,,当,,ii,n,,ain,1,1a当时,,故级数收敛,从而收敛; p,vl,1,,mn,kn1,1a当时,,故级数发散,从而发散. p,vl,1,,mn,kn1证明完毕.2.1.2应用举例1例1:考察级数是否收敛. ,mnnln解: 由定理,取, k,32mmnnnn,lnln1p,,,limlim mm33m,,,,nn3nnln3lnn,,,,当时,p,1,级数收敛; m,1当时,p,1,级数发散. m,11例2:考察级数是否收敛. ,nnn1112,,nna2nnnpnn,,,,,limlimlim解: 12nnn,,,,,,,,12a22nnnnn,,21112,,1nnn,,nnnlimlimlim,,n又因为 =1 22,,,,,,,,2nnn,nn,,nn111而, 即p,,1 kk21所以级数发散. ,nnn1,,lna,,,,n,,例3:讨论级数的敛散性. ,3,2lnnn,,济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 6 页共 18页解:本题利用达朗贝尔判别法无法判断,并且不容易积分,所以利用积分判别法也不能,则解决,由定理,取k,32n1113,,,,,,22ln1lnln1,,,,nnnln1,,,,,,,33,,31nn1,,,,n,,limlim,,p,limn311327n,,n,,,,,,,,127,,lnln1ln1,,n,,,,ln1,,,,,nn,,,,n,,11 ,,273 所以,该级数收敛.达朗贝尔判别法的第二种推广与应用达朗贝尔判别法的第二种推广,,3,,ab1定理两个正项级数和,如果从某项起下列不等式成立: ,,nn,,n1n1 ababab22nn2121nn,,2222nn,,,,,,, (1) abababnnnn,,11nn,,22 ,,,,baab则级数收敛那么级数一定收敛,级数发散那么级数一定发散. ,,,,nnnn,,,,n1n1n1n122n,nnnn,证明:任取一自然数,使得p=>,设引理中的不等式(1)对于任意的0000恒成立,可以把引理中的不等式(1)变形为:aaaaaa2nn21nn,22nn,,,,,, bbbbbb2nn21nn,22nn,即aa22nin,,nn,, (i=0, 1,2,) 0bb22nin,,,,ai令,则 k,max,,,,nip0b,,i,,aaninnp,,(1) 当时,成立 ,,kmax,,0,,nipb0bn,,innii,,,,22(0,1,2)nnipn,,,,,,2222(2) 当np,时,可将n写成,则 110 nn,其中一定有. 10aaannni22,,1np,若时,则成立. ,,1bbbnnin22,,1济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 7 页共 18页np,nnii,,,,22(0,1,2)nn,nnp,时,则可将写成,其中,使得,若1122012np,若,不成立,则要继续进行下去,经过有限次总能得到2nnii,,,,31(0,1,2)nnp,,.使得 kk,10kaaaannnnk12从而得到:成立 ,,,,,kbbbbnnnn12k,,aani,,,nn因此,恒有成立 k,max,,0,,nipb0bn,,i,,ba由比较判别法知:若级数收敛,那么级数一定收敛, ,,nn,,n1n1,,ab若级数发散,那么级数一定发散 ,,nn,,n1n1证明完毕下面根据定理1,推广出一个关于正项级数收敛的判别法,以定理的形式叙述如下:,aa8,,221nn,alimlim,,定理2 对于正项级数,若p,则 ,nnn,,,,,aann1,n1,1a(1) 当p<时,级数收敛 ,n,2n1,1a(2) 当p>时,级数发散 ,n,2n11证明:(1)当p<,,,,0,,N时,,当时, nN,2aa112n21n,prpr,,,,,,,,,,有和 a2a2nn,1111又因为 0,,r,所以可令,使r,, s,1s222s,11Mn,11,,21,n令M,,那么(因为s>1)级数收敛,且limlim,,,n,,sss,,,,nn,nnMn212,n,,1,1nM21n,r,当n充分大时有成立 Mn,1M112n,又因为 0,,r,显然 ssM22n济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 8 页共 18页MaMa12121nn,,22nnr,,和对n充分大时有 ,,,rsMaMa2nn,,11nn,a那么根据引理2,级数收敛 ,n,n111,(2)当p>时,对于正整数使,,当时, p,,,,NnN,22aa112n21n,pp有 ,,,,和 ,,,, a2a2nn,1MMn,11n112n21n,,,,,令,则,而, M,nMn212,Mn22n,1nn,1aMaM22nn2121nn,,,,故和成立 aMaMnnnn,,11,,Ma又是发散的,由定理1得发散 ,,nn,,n2n1将定理2推广到一般的形式,叙述如下:,,ab定理3 关于正项级数与,若存在自然数N,当n>N时,不等式 ,,nn,,n1n1abababknknknknknkknk,,,,,,1111,,,,,,,,(2,)kkN成立,则abababnnnnnknk,,,,,,1111,,ba(1) 若级数收敛,则级数收敛; ,,nn,,n1n1,,ab(2) 若级数发散,则级数发散 ,,nn,,n1n1aaknini,,ik,,,(0,1,,1)证明:由条件知,若存在自然数N,当时,不等式成nN,bbknini,,,,,,aaainipkNN,,Nnp,,立,不妨取自然数,并令M=,当时,;,,Mmaxmax,,,,,,,,NipNipbbb,,,,ibinknipkNik,,,,,,(0,1,,1)n当np,时,则唯一存在一个自然数,使,故1111 niN,, 11济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 9 页共 18页aaaknini,,n1111ni,<p,则;若M,,,11bbbnknini,,1111ni,nkniik,,,,(0,1,,1)niN,,n若>p,则唯一存在一个自然数,使,其中,111222222aaaniknini,,,112222nini,,,于是且 ,,2211bbbniknini,,,112222 aaaknini,,nssssnip,,由于,经过有限步,假设第s步,必有,于是np,M,,,ssbbbnknini,,ssss,,,,baab所以当级数收敛,则级数收敛;当级数发散,则级数发散 ,,,,nnnn,,,,n1n1n1n1证明完毕定理3的推论:,aaaknknknk,,,11alimlimlim,,,,p推论1 给定正项级数,若, ,nnnn,,,,,,,aaannnk,,,11n1,,11aa则(1)时,收敛;(2)时,发散 p,p,,,nn,,kkn1n1111111,,,,spp,,,,证明:(1)当时,令,则存在实数r>1,使得,p,s,,,,,,r2kk,,,,kkk1令, b,nrnr1,,,,knknab1knrpslimlimlim,,,,,, nnn,,,,,,,,nn1akb,,n,,r1,,,,knknab1kn,1,,11rpslimlimlim,,,,,, nnn,,,,,,,,nn1akb,,11,, n,1,,r1,,,,knkknkab1knk,,1,,,,11rpslimlimlim,,,,,nnn,,,,,,,,nknk1akb,,,,11,,nk,,1,,济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 10 页共 18页abababknknknknknkknk,,,,,,1111,,N0kN,,当时,有,,,,,, 于是00abababnnnnnknk,,,,,,1111,,,1br,,a(1)因为级数收敛,由定理知,级数收敛 ,,,nrn,,,nnn11n111(2)当时,令, p,b,nnk1ab1knknkn, limlimlimp,,,,,,,,,,nnn1akbnnn1ab11kn,knkn,1, limlimlim,,,,pnnn,,,,,,1akbnn,11n,…………….1ab11knk,,knkkn,,1 limlimlim,,,,pnnn,,,,,,1akbnkn,,11nk,,abababknknknknknkknk,,,,,,1111,,N0kN,,,,,,,于是,当时,有00abababnnnnnknk,,,,,,1111,,,1br,,a(1)又因为级数发散,定理知级数发散 ,,,nrn,,,nnn11n1应用举例,nx10,,,,n!x,0例1论是否收敛 ,n,nn1n,1x,,,,n1!,,,,n,1axn,1,,nlimlim,,解: nn,,,,naex,,n!,,n,, 当x=e时,用达朗贝尔判别法不能断定级数的敛散性n,n,,12nnne,,,利用 !201,, ,,,,e,,济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 11 页共 18页222nnn,xnx2,,,,,,24nn2!4nne,,,,,,,,,,2nax22nen,,,,,,,,nnn,,,2 此时 ,,,n12nae,,xnx,,,,,,nne!2,,,,,,,,nen,,,,,,1当x=e时,,由定理2得,级数发散 lim,2,n,,2,1例2:讨论是否收敛 ,2ln,nn,1n1解令,则 a,n2nn,ln1lnn21,222ln2nn,lnann,,,2nn,,, 21ln2n2a2ln2nn,n,,2,22lnnnn,ln1n,1,,1,22221ln211ln11nnnnn,,,,,,,a,,,,,,,,,,21n,,,, 2211an,21ln21nn,,,,,,,1,,22,,,,,ln21n,,,,,nn,,,1ln1n2,,,1,,n,1,,1,n,,ln2n,1,,1,22222ln222ln22nnnnn,,,,,,,a,,,,,,,,,,n,22,,, 221a22ln22nn,,,,,,,2,,n,22,2,,,,ln22n,,,,,nn,,,2ln2n,,,22,,n,2,,1,n,,aaa11122122nnn,,,,,,,limlimlim2nnn,,,,,,aaa242nnn12,,,1根据定理2得到,收敛 ,2ln,nn,1n,lnn例3 证明级数收敛 ,6n,1nlnn证明:令a, n6n济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 12 页共 18页ln1n,,,6,,n,1an,1 ,因为limlim1,,nn,,,,lnnan6n所以不能用达朗贝尔判别法来证明是否收敛ln21n,ln22n,ln2n,,,,6662na,,21n,,,22n,,,aa2n21n,22n,, ,, ,lim,lnnan,,,,,,ln1n,ln2n,aann,n,126n66,,,,n,1n,2aaa1122122nnn,,,,,, limlimlim 6nnn,,,,,,aaa22nnn12,,,lnn所以级数收敛 ,6n,1n,3lnn例4 证明级数收敛 ,n,,3nnaln23ln21nnn2证明:因为 ()n,, ,,,,,02nnannlnln3n3211nn,,,n,1ln21ln21nn,,,,,,a3121n, ,,,,,,,0()n 21n,nannln1ln1,,,,,,3n,13211nn,,,,3lnn 所以级数收敛 ,n,,3n达朗贝尔判别法的第3种推广与应用2.3.1达朗贝尔判别法的第三种推广,,4,,ab1引理给定两个正项级数(A)和(B),若从某项起(如n>N时),不等,,nn,,n1n1abababknknknknknkknk,,,,,,1111,,,,,,式成立,abababnnnnnn则级数(B)收敛蕴含级数(A)收敛;级数(A)发散蕴含级数(B)发散,a5,,kni,a2lim(0,11),,,pik引理给定正项级数,若,则 ,nn,,,ann1济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 13 页共 18页,1a时,则级数收敛(1)当p<,n,kn1,1a(2)当p>时,则级数发散 ,n,kn1下面将引理2推广到如下形式,a定理:给定正项级数,若对一固定自然数,有 ,n,n1Kakni,piKpp,lim1,2,,,,,,,i,in,,ani,1,,aa则(1)时,收敛;(2)时,发散 p,1p,1,,nn,,n1n11,pnn,证明:当p,1时,对充分大的,存在,使 ,,02a,kni,p,, iakn,,,,,apa,,kniin,即 k,,NN,,,Nn,故对任意的自然数,有 ,,apa0,,kniin,,,k,,nnnn,,00 将上式再关于求和,得 ikNkN,,, ,,apa,,,,,kniin,,k,,inninn,,,,1100kN(1),NN1,p即 apaa,,,,,,,,,nnn2nknnnnn,,,,1000nTa,令,则上式可以变成: ,nii,111,,ppTTTTTT,,,,, ,,,,kNknNnkNn(1)1(1),,,00022 11,,ppTTTT,,,移项整理得: kNkNknn(1)(1)1,,,002221,p,,TTT,,即 =M kNknn(1)1,,,,0012,p,,济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 14 页共 18页,a的部分和有界,所以级数收敛由于,n,n1p,1a,kni,pp,nn,当时,对充分大的,存在,使 ,,, p,1110112pan1,pp,,1aa,即 knin,2pn同上,先对n从到N求和,再对i从1到k求和,则有 01,p TTTT,,,,,knNn,1kN,1,,002,a若收敛,上式中令,则有 N,,,n,n1,,,12,p12,p,,,, aaTT,,,,,,aTT,,,nnnkn,1nnn,,,,000022,,,,nn,,11n,1,,1,p,,即 aTaT,,,,,nnnn,,002,,nn,,11,,又 aTa,,,0,,nnn0nnkn,,,1101,p,1则有 2即 p,1 与 p,1矛盾,故级数发散应用举例,129,,aa,1例1 正项级数中,aa,,aan,,(1,2,),试讨论正,121nn,22nn,n,25n1,a项级数敛散性 ,n,n1解:利用定理,取k=2,,则129 p,,,,1 2510故级数收敛3比较判别法的推广与应用济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 15 页共 18页3.1比较判别法的推广1,,1uuu定理(比较原则的推论)设++…++… 1,,12nvvv ++…++… 2,,12n是两个正项级数,若unl lim, 3,,n,,vn,,则 (i)当0<<时,级数、同时收敛或同时发散; l12,,,,(ii)当=0且级数收敛时,级数也收敛; 21l,,,,,,(iii)当=且级数发散时,级数也发散 21l,,,,1v在上面的定理中我们令=,则定理1,就演变成了如下: nkn,,6,,uu2定理对于正项级数,若或,那么级数发散;lim0num,,limnu,,,,nnnnn,,n,,,,n1n1,ku如果有k>1使得存在,则级数收敛 lim,nu,nn,,n,n1下面对定理2进行推广,以定理的形式叙述如下:,,,afna,定理3 设为正项级数,令,,为当x=n时由某一函fna,0,,,,,,,nn,,,n0nn00数所确定的值,连且续有直到m阶的有限导数: fxfx,,,,m,1,,,,, ,,,,,limlimlimlim0fxfxfxfx,,,,,,,,xxxx,,,,,,,, m,,km,如果对的m阶导数存在一幂函数,使得, fxfxxk,0,,,,,,m,,km, limxfxs,, 0,,,,s,,x,,,,aa那么当时,级数收敛,当时,级数发散 k,1k,1,,nn,,n0n0证明:运用罗必塔法则m次可得,m,,,fxfxfx,,,,,,,limlimlim ,,m,,xx,,,,x1,k,,,,,,,,,,111pppmkk,1,kmxxx济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 16 页共 18页m,,km,xfx,,s,lim ,mxm,,,,,,,,,,,,111pppm,,,,pppm111,,,,,,,1kN,由于当时收敛,当发散, k,1k,1,,,k,nn1,,1kN,a则由定理1,和级数同收敛,,,,,kn,,nn1n1,,aa所以当时,级数收敛,当时,级数发散 k,1k,1,,nn,,n0n0证明完毕3.2应用举例,,,,,1cos例1 讨论级数是否收敛 ,,,,n,,n1,,,3,解:令,则,存在,使得 fx,,1cosfx,,sinx,,,,2xxx,2,,sin,,,,m,,km,,2132x,limlimxfxxfx, ,,,,,limsinlim,x,,,,,,2xx,,,,xx,,,,,xx,, x,,,,,1cos由于这里,所以级数收敛 k,,21,,,,x,,n1,a,,lna,例2 判断级数是否收敛 ,,,,n,,n1,解:令fx,,1cos ,,x11a,,2,则 fx,,,,,存在x,使得,,,,2axxx,1,,,,a,x,,1m,,2km,,11,x,,,,lim1 limlimxfxxfx, ,,,,,,,,x,,xx,,,,xx,1,,,,,a,,lna,因为,所以级数发散 k,1,,,,n,,n1济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 17 页共 18页文中列举的几种推广的正项级数收敛判别法,解决了某些题目用达朗贝尔判别法失效的问题,同时也简化了一些题目的求解步骤,这是有利的方面;但是在判断条件是否适合利用这些推广的时候,会带来一些烦琐的计算和证明所以在判别正项级数收敛时,要认真分析题目,找出最简洁的判别方法致谢感谢我的导师宋文青副教授宋老师成为我的毕业论文的导师那天起,她就告诉我如何搜集材料;告诉我如何快捷地找到相关论文;告诉我学校的哪个网站有本专业硕士、博士论文;还定期的和我联系论文的进度情况和定期指导我的论文怎么写才好本论文的完成,离不开她的悉心知道和孜孜不倦地教诲感谢我的班主任张颖老师,在大学四年中给予我无微不至的照顾帮助使我在大学四年中不段的成长在论文即将完成之际,我的心情无法平静,从开始进入课题到论文顺利完成,有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助,在这里请接受我最诚挚的谢意!济南大学毕业论文用纸理学院数学0301班杨瑞毕业论文第 18 页共 18页参考文献[1]华东师范大学数学系.数学分析(下) (第三版) [M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001 [2]徐春.正项级数敛散性的一种判别法[J].四川轻化工学院学报,2006.6 [3]吴慧伶.正项级数收敛性判别的一个推广[J].丽水学院学报,2006.10 [4]杨钟玄.正项级数收敛性的又一新判别法[J].贵州师范大学学报,2005.11 [5]唐仁献.正项级数敛散性判别法新探[J].零陵学院学报,2003.9 [6]马尔迈.关于正项级数比值判别法的一个推广[J].浙江海洋学院学报2003.12 [7]张莉.关于正项级数收敛性判别的一个推广[J].华中师范大学学报,2002.12 [8]陈杰.正项级数的一个新的判敛法[J].宁波职业技术学院学报,2005.4 [9]李密.正项级数的一个新的判敛法[J].金华职业技术学院学报,2005.3 [10]孙勇.正项级数判别敛散新法探索[J].开封大学学报,2001.12 [11]James W.Daniel;ummation of Series of Positive Terms by Condensation Transformations[J]; 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Tull, David Rearick; A Convergence Criterion for Positive Series[J]; The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Mar., 1964), pp. 294-295[13]Markus Müllera,?, Dierk Schleicher,? How to add a non-integer number of terms, andhow to produce unusual infinite summations[J],Germany School of Engineering andScience,2003.10.7[14]Erik M. Altman *, Bruce D. Burns *,Streak biases in decision making: data and amemory model Action editor: Christian Schunn[J],Department of Psychology, Michigan StateUniversity, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;2004.12.6济南大学毕业论文用纸。

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