1. LinguisticsThe study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.2. design featuresThey are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality.3. DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined, or in far-away places.4. DualityIt is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously.5. ArbitrarinessIt is generally the case that there is no ?natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. ? 6. Manner of articulationIt is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated.7. Place of articulationIt focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated.8. articulator phoneticsThe general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or ?articulated? is articulatory phonetics.9. PhonologyThe description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language.10. AssimilationIt is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or ?copied? by the other. For example, the word ?can? in the sentence ?I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g].11. Back-formationA word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word ?donation? first came into use and then the verb ?donate? was created from it.12. MorphemeIt is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s.13. Immediate ConstituentIt is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction.14. SyntaxThe study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence.15.semanticsThe study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular.16. HyponymyWhen the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy.17. HomonymyIt is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well.18.synonymyIt refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide.19. PragmaticsThe study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey.20. SynchronicIt is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.第一章语言的起源概念辨析The “bow-wow” theoryThe ‘’y o-heave-ho” theory思考“bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which e arly men and women heard around them while‘yo-he-ho? theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？On the one hand, it does not answer our question regarding the origins of the sounds produced because primates have grunts and social calls, but they do not have developed the capacity for speech. On the other hand, soundless and abstract things have not been explained since a language cannot be only a set of words used as‘names? for entities.第三章语言的属性概念辨析languageDesign features of languageDisplacementArbitrarinessDuality应用能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。

能够根据语言的定义性特征来区别人类语言和动物交流系统思考人类语言有哪些功能？First, it has the function of cultural transmission. People pass knowledge, skills from one generation to the next only through oral language especially in the old days,Second, it has the function of communication. Human use their language to communicate with each other, socially or emotionally, to indicate their friendliness, cooperation or annoyance and pleasure. Third, it plays an important role in thinking. Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel it necessary to speak their thoughts aloud.动物交流系统里存在“说谎”吗？It absolutely exists in animal communication system. For example, some animals will pretend to die to avoid being eaten. Therefore, it is common phenomenon in animal for survive or foods.第五章语音学概念辨析Articulatory /acoustic/auditory phoneticsmanners of articulation vs. places of articulationowelsWhether they are produced with obstruction of the air stream in the mouth.phonetics vs. PhonologyProduction and characteristics of speech sound vs. How speech sound forms and abstract or mental aspect of it.Whether they have allophones理解Speech organsThe classification and description of consonantsThe classification and description of vowels应用能够识别发声器官图中的发声器官名称Vocal cords声带alveolar 齿龈palate 上颚velum软腭能够根据发音部位/方式英语辅音进行分类和描述。