第三章词汇的翻译3.1 英汉语的词义对比英汉词汇之间本身有着很大的差别，这种差别首先表现在词义上。
英国语言学家利奇在他的Semantics ( 语义学) 中把最广义的意义划分为7 种不同的类型：外延意义（概念意义）（denotative meaning ）、内涵意义（connotative meaning ）、风格意义（stylistic meaning ）、情感意义（affective meaning ）、联想意义（reflective meaning ）搭配意义（collocative meaning ）、主题意义（thematic meaning ）。
一、词汇的语义范围(semantic scope) 不同A, 英语词汇的语义范围大于汉语词汇。
例如：1) He got all the credit for the discovery.2) The ledger shows 300 pounds on the debit side and 50 pounds on the credit side.3) The availability of cheap long term credit would help small businesses.4) They sold grain on credit during time of famine.5) How much do I have to my credit?6) They cannot obtain credit at all in the trade.7) They have opened the covering credit with the Bank of China, London.B, 汉语词汇语义范围大于英语。
1）发货2）发传单3）发言4）发光发热5）发电再以汉语“意见”为例：1）两位领导人就双边关系及共同关系的问题交换了意见。
2）党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。
3）他们对这项计划提出了修改意见4）大家对你很有意见。
5）他们就推举谁做下届总统候选人取得了一致意见。
6）他们在会上闹起了意见。
二、词汇的内涵意义不同词的内涵意义随时代和社会的变迁而变化，因历史和文化的不同而不同。
如: 小姐、男子汉、荷花、黄色、individualism; privacy三、词汇的情感意义不同历史和文化背景的不同，决定了英汉两种语言部分词汇的不同情感意义。
例如：龙、propaganda四、词汇的联想意义不同并不具备特殊内涵的词汇使人联想起另一事物。
例如：cock, intercourse, ejaculation 干杯五、词汇的搭配意义不同同一词与不同词搭配产生不同联想，赋予不同意义。
pretty 与girl, flower, garden, color, boy, village, woman 搭配handsome 与man ，car ，vessel ，airliner ，woman ，boy 搭配3.2 汉语词汇的对称性和英语词汇的非对称性一、汉语词汇的显著特征是骈偶性:（1 ）双音节词：眼睛、头发、手指（2 ）单音节字加“子、儿”等组成双音节词：椅子、桌子、妻子、女儿（3 ）关联词：因为…所以、虽然…但是（4 ）四字结构，即成语和新组成的词语：叶公好龙、自得之趣、改革开放二、英语单词是由音节组成的单音节词和多音节词英语词汇注重形式上的完整和正确，较少对称的结构。
三、英汉词汇对译的基本原则：英译汉时，汉语讲求对称，汉译英时，不考虑英语词汇形式上的对等。
例如：1)She was eighteen and beautiful.2)China is a vast country with rich natural resources and a large population.3)Puritans, a sizeable percentage of the earliest settlers in Massachusetts, were a pious, self-disciplined people…4)thirty years before, his name shot suddenly to the zenith from Crimean battlefield, to remain forever celebrated.5)They spoke to each other rarely in their incomprehensible tongue, but always with a courteous smile and often with a smile bow.6)magnificent(scenery); cloudless(weather); towering(mountain);boundless (sea); very rich(merchant); interesting(story)extremely hard (condition of life or struggle)7)2100 万台湾同胞都是中国人，都是骨肉同胞、手足兄弟。
8)泰城依山而建，山城相依，风光秀丽，环境优美，是“国家卫生城市”和“中国优秀旅游城市”。
境内的泰山，景观雄伟壮丽，内涵博大精深，是首批世界自然与文化双遗产，被誉为“五岳独尊”、“东方历史文化宝库”，近期又被评为国家地质公园。
译文：Taian city is a mountainous and scenic city at the foot of Mount Tai; it had been honored “National Sanitary City”and “National Excellent Tourist City”. Mount Tai, with splendid scenery, and long history, has been honored “World Natural and Cultural Heritage”, is famous for “the Head of the Five Sacred Mountains Historical and Cultural Treasure” and “Oriental -house”, recently it was honored “National Geological Garden”.四字格在英汉翻译中的运用所谓四字格(姑且称作“four-character structure”)既可指四字成语，也可指各种四字词组。
四字词组具有较大的灵活性和可塑性，它能临时组合起来，起到四字成语的表意作用，使译文言简意赅，而四字成语则有较强的稳固性和习惯性，不能随心所欲地改变其内部成分和结构，这与英语中的phrase(习惯用语)的稳定性相似。
一、英语中有些单词具有与汉语里某些四字格等值的表意功能，可用四字格译出。
如:1. Shakespeare is a prolific playwright.2.She is free; free to go to where she likes.3. Separation made her more sentimental.4. Poineare pursued an ambitious scheme with two separate but two parallel strategies.5．They were rain-soaked and hungry at that time.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability, Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.读书足以怡情, 足以博彩, 足以长才。
其怡情也, 最见于独处幽居之时; 其博彩也, 最见于高谈阔论之中; 其长才也, 最见于处世判事之际。
二有时英语中某些语言片段意思清楚，用四字格进行概括性意译，不失为一个好的办法。
如：1.You have already more than repaid me.2. It is still vivid in my memory.All the ones we have been seen here have four-star abilities with five-star ambitions.我们在此看到的所有人都是眼高手低之辈。
3.Men and women had lived and fed themselves and died on it.4.He didn’t know his ABC and suffered a lot from illiteracy.5.On my drive home I tried to concentrate on the bright side: a healthy family，a strong marriage，two well一adjusted sons.6 When Katty is telling her troubles to people，half of them are not interested and the other half are glad to see she is getting what’s coming to her.7.The harbor is, quite simply, a thrill---especially at night, when the water glitters with the reflections of colorful lights of skyscrapers.海港景色简直动人心弦一一特别是夜间，波光粼粼，映照着摩天大楼五光十色的灯火。
三、在不影响原文意思的基础上，使用“增词法”对译文的某些片断进行恰如其分的“添枝加叶”，使之构成四字格，或加入总括性的四字格来表达词组或句子的弦外之音，使译文更加明朗。
如:1 She kept her clothes clean，ate milk puddings as though they were jam tarts.2. The plain is green with herbs and grasses; the mountains are decked brightly with a multicolored covering of wild flowers.3. The male giraffe...looked after his departing friend with a moist and wistful eye and a yearning extension of neck that only the stony-hearted can resist.四、在翻译英语习语时要根据上下文判明其意思才能选用恰当的四字格，因有的英语习语具有截然不同的两种含义，如a bolt from the blue这一习语常被译作“晴天霹雳”，但有时它也可表示‘嘻出望外”之意，如:1.The news that the firm was closing down came as a bolt from the blue to the staff2.He got a job after his graduation. It was a bolt from the blue.(to be or work) hand in glove是个中性习语，但用于不同的对象身上，会具有不同的感情色彩。