第15章Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms（专有名词和专门术语译法）15.1 复习笔记English proper nouns include names of persons, places, organizations ,newspapers, periodicals, radios, news agencies, books, films, etc. English technical terms include, broadly speaking, special words or expressions for things and ideas used in any branch of science and technology.英语专有名词包括人名、地名、组织名、报纸名、期刊名、广播台名、通讯社名、书名、电影名等等。
英语专有术语主要包括在技术科学、社会科学、自然科学等领域广泛运用的特殊词汇或特殊表达。
Many troubles arise in translating proper names and technical terms. Great confusion may come from.在翻译专有名词和专有术语的时候会遇到一些棘手的问题，这些问题主要来源于：1. Transliteration of proper names from English spelling or pronunciation;对英语专有名词的发音直接进行音译；2. Variation in the spoken sound of Chinese characters used in translated names;汉语中部分汉字的发音有地域区别；3. Large number of homonyms, homophones and homographs in Chinese;汉语中有大量同音字、多音字和同形字；4. Mixed use of old and new translated names.新译法和旧译法的混合使用。
一、Transliteration（音译）Proper nouns such as the names of persons and places of foreign countries are, as a rule , to be transliterated, i.e., to be translated by using Chinese characters to represent the sound in articulating these names.通常情况下，外国的人名、地名等专有名词都采用音译的方法，即运用汉字的发音来代替原发音。
1. Follow the Original Pronunciation of Proper Names（名从主人）Generally speaking, proper names should be transliterated directly from their original languages. this explains why some proper names are not transliterated from their English pronunciation. For example:一般说来，专有名词应该根据原语言的发音来进行音译，所以有些词并不是根据其英文发音，而是根据其原发音来音译的。
例如：Paris (French) 巴黎(not transliterated from English as “帕里斯”)Rome (Italian: Roma) 罗马(not transliterated from English as “罗姆”)Germany (German: Deutsch) 德意志(not “哲默尼”as from English)Some proper names, however, are transliterated from their English pronunciations. For example:但是，还有些词是根据其英文发音来音译的。
例如：Moscow 莫斯科(not from Russian “Moskva”)Warsaw 华沙(not from Polish “Warszawa”)Prague 布拉格(not from Czechoslovakian “Praha”)Many Japanese names are transliterated into English according to the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese characters and are therefore quite different from what they ought to be in our pronunciation. In translation, Chinese characters “borrowed”by the Japanese should be “returned”to their original owner—Chinese.许多日文名词是根据日文汉字的发音被音译成英文的，因而英文发音就不同于这些汉字本应有的汉语发音。
在将其译成中文时，要将这些被日语借用的汉字的发音还原为汉语发音。
Tokyo 东京Nagasaki 长崎Yokohama 横滨Hatoyama 鸠山Hiroshima 广岛Emiko 惠美子The Chinese names of persons and places translated into English before January 1st, 1979 according to the Wade system, local dialects, or something else should be transliterated in line with the rules announced by China’s State Council. Translations like the following are not in use, though they sometimes can be foundin foot-notes or foreign publications.在1979年1月1日之前，采用威妥玛式拼法、本地方言或其他方式翻译的中国人名、地名，应严格根据国务院颁布的条例做出修正。
以下几种译法虽然有时会出现在脚注或外文出版物中，但它们是不能通用的。
北京Peking厦门Amoy汕头Swatow烟台Chefoo沈阳Mukden张家口Kalgan哈尔滨Harbin广州Canton大连Dairen旅顺Port Arthur日喀则Shigatse松花江Sungari R.金门Quemoy马祖Matsu佛山Fatshan黄浦江Whangpoo R.珠穆朗玛峰Mount Everest罗布泊Lop Nor/Lob Nor南沙群岛Spratly Is.西沙群岛Paracels Is.2. Use the Standard Pronunciation of the Chinese Character（运用汉字的标准读音）Due to the lack of many foreign sounds in Chinese, and the variation in the pronunciation of the Chinese character causing confusion, the remedy is to fix certain Chinese character(s) for a certain syllable of foreign names. This work has been done by the Xinhua News Agency, whose Table on E-C Transliteration is shown in Appendix.在将外文名字译成汉字时，存在一个困难，即很多外语发音缺少对应的汉语发音，而且汉语发音存在地域差异。
解决这一问题的方法是：选定某（几）个汉字来对应外语的一个音节。
新华社已经总结出一套英汉对应的译音[英汉译音表（Table on E-C Transliteration）），收录在附录中]。
In using or choosing Chinese characters for foreign names, the following seven rules should be observed:在选择与英文名字对应的汉字时，要注意以下几个方面：（1）Avoid making transliterated name too long, This may be done by omitting some unclear or unimportant sounds;不要把名字译得太长，可以适当省略不清楚或不重要的发音；Roosevelt 罗斯福（not罗斯福尔特）Engels 恩格斯（not恩格尔斯）Elizabeth 伊丽莎白（not伊丽莎白丝）Portland 波特兰（not波特兰德）Sierra Leone 塞拉利昂（not塞拉勒窝内，jokingly as“塞到鸡窝内”）（2）Avoid the use of rare, obsolete and abstruse characters;忌用罕见古奥汉字，应用“特”而不用“忒”，用“伊”而不用“彝”，等等；（3）Avoid the characters that may be misunderstood in the context忌用容易造成歧义的汉字；Vyshinsky 维辛斯基（not维新斯基）Hooker 胡克（not虎渴）jeep 吉普（not鸡脯）（4）Avoid the use of characters or words with a derogatory or commendatory implication;忌用有含有褒贬倾向的汉字。
如：丑、恶、鬼、狐、悲、匪、尸、妖等；Bumble 本伯（not笨伯）Congo 刚果（not甘果）Mozambique 莫桑比克（not莫三别给、莫三鼻给）phantom circuit 幻象电路（not鬼魂电路）AIDS virus 艾滋病病毒（not爱滋病病毒）（5）Avoid the use of Chinese surnames for foreigners’(with many exceptions);忌用汉语名字绰号来翻译外文名字（但有很多例外）；Gogol 果戈理（not郭哥儿）Tolstoy 托尔斯泰（not陶师道）。