英汉翻译技巧练习IPart I An Overall Introduction of Translation SkillsI 英汉两种语言对比1．所属语系与发展历史英语－印欧语系汉语－汉藏语系2．语音3．语言的本质英语－综合性语言汉语－分析性语言4．句法现象II 英汉两种文化差异1．同一民族中亦存在文化差异：蛤蟆naughty 叩手点心2．英汉文化间的差异a.思想观念、心理特征龙—dragon 鹤—craneb.表达方式、审美情趣“愤怒出诗人”—“止怒莫若诗”“十里蛙声不断，九溪曲流潺潺”—“You can hear frog’s continuous crying in ten miles and can enjoy the babbling of the winding streams.”3．对文化词语和表达的处理文化词语，指的是充满汉语文化个性和特殊内涵的语言。

a.直译法丢脸—to lose face/ to be disgraced纸老虎—paper tiger/ scarecrow骑虎难下—to ride a tiger/ in chancery猫哭老鼠—cats crying for the death of rats/ to shed crocodile tearsb.直译加补充信息法下海铁饭碗跳槽父母官待业青年酒囊饭袋清明节c.释义法望子成龙和番金三角两手抓，两手都要硬d.同（近）义表达借用法得寸进尺—Give him an inch, and he’ll take an ell.好聚好散—Merry meet, merry part.贪多嚼不烂—to bite off more than one can chew皇天不负有心人—Heaven helps those who help themselves.水中捞月—to fish in the air象只落汤鸡—like a drowned rate.回译法忍者神龟—Ninja Turtles画王电视—big screen Panasonic米字旗—Union Jack flag中国菜馆—chopsuey houseIII 常见错误及解决方法1.不要生搬硬套汉语构词模式车、毛、鱼、核、皮、桌2.False friends （假朋友）休息室—restroom药店—drugstore白手—white-handed食言—eat one’s words茶叶店—tea-shop蛇皮袋—snake skin bag3.隐含意义的分析倔强：intractable, mulish statesman, politician他们热情照顾残疾客人。

They took good care of disabled guests.我这位朋友很健谈。

My friend is very talkative.VI 解释性翻译镶补，减肥，重组Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays—《天演论》Honeymoon—蜜月者，西人娶妇时，即挟其游历，经月而返。

《黑奴吁天录》Uncle Tom’s CabinCashmere—御长裙，仙仙然描画不能肖。

《茶花女》V 参考字典1．《英汉大词典》陆谷孙主编上海译文出版社2．《汉英大辞典》吴光华主编上海交通大学出版社Part II Translation Practice一、准确理解词义：I 根据上下文辩明词义：Work:1. He is working in the factory.2. He is working a machine.3. He is working at English.4. The ship is working eastward.5. The gears work smoothly.6. My watch doesn’t work.7. The screw worked loose.8. Will these methods work?9. The yeast has begun to work.10. Electric computers work quickly and accurately.Hand:1. S oams shook her hand and went downstairs.2. H e never read a book in his life and still writes a schoolboy hand.3. I t would be like trying to make the hands of clock move backwards to its ticking.4. M r. Hunter suddenly failed, and all hands in the mill were turned off. Like:1. He likes maths more than physics.2. In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains ofdust shining like gold.3. Like knows like.4. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.Last:1. He is the last man to come.2. He is the last man to do it.3. He is the last person for such a job.4. He should be the last (man) to blame.5. He is the last man to consult.6. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.Operate:1. The hearing aids are operated from batteries.2. The doctor operated on the patient for a tumor.3. The frontier forces had to operate against the invaders.1. With old plaster-casting, the bone takes longer to knit and cripplingeffects from muscle inactivity result.2. The custom had its spring in another country.3. His mother died of difficult labour.4. The Americans had viewed foreign policy as if it were a westernmovie in which the cavalry appeared at the climacteric moment to use superior firepower on opponents who were usually of anther race.5. The elevator girl reads books between passengers.6. Don’t do your own thing, or you will meet with failure.II. 词义的褒贬：☉词义有轻重的不同：打破：break, crack, crush, demolish, destroy, shatter, smash闪光：shine, glitter, glare, sparkle☉词义有范围大小与侧重点不同：agriculture, farming, cultivation, agronomycountry, nation, land, state, powerempty (house, room, cup, box, stomach, head, words, etc.)vacant (position, room, house, seat, etc.)hollow (tree, voice, sound, cheeks, etc.)☉词义有感情色彩与语体色彩“死”to expire, to pass away, to close (end) one’s day, to breathe one’s lastto go west, to pay the debt of nature to depart to the world of shadows to give up the ghost, to kick the bucket, to kick up one’s heelsto lay down one’s knife and fork“怀孕”1. She is having a baby.2. She is in a family way.3. She is knitting little booties.4. She is in a delicate condition.5. She is in an interesting condition.☉词义的两面性：1. The enemy’s scheme went bankrupt.We’ve worked out a perfect scheme.2. He is an aggressive and promising young man.Japan is an aggressive country.3. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentlemen by saying he wasthe most courageous man he had ever seen.Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.III 词语搭配：Kill:1. He killed the man.2. He killed the dog.3. He killed time everyday down at the park.4. He killed his chances of success.5. He killed the motion when it came from the committee.6. He killed himself by overwork.7. He killed the spirit of the group.8. He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.Kill the peace (promise, friendship, a marriage)Heavy:Rain clouds crops frost wine news road sea heart fire smoker bread wire load storm traffic readerBroken:A broken man (soldier, promise, spirit)broken money (English)IV. 词义的引申：☉词义作抽象引申：1. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in his nature.2. Every life has its roses and thorns.3. She sailed into the room,4. We must keep our powder dry.5. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.☉词义作具体引申：1. Do you see any green in my eye?2. The battlefield became something holy. It was not touched.3. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.4. We Zanziber would like to build a coloured society where all mencan have equal opportunity.5. What aids there were to enlighten labor were immemorial.二、词类转译：I 转译成动词：1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.2. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgive r of the young man’spast wrong doings.3. Some of my classmates are good singers.4. They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dimlamps.5. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up thesteps, across the veranda, and into the porch.6. What is he at?7. John voted with the Tories.8. He is a man above vulgar interests.9. Peter drew his knife on the robber.10. It looks as if we are in for a storm.11. If a man couldn’t walk into a room and tell who was for him andwho was against him, then he wasn’t much of a politician.12. Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.13. He proved himself worthy of confidence.14. He is not very familiar with biological terms.15. Are you doubtful of his success?16. Some infectious diseases are responsible for diseases of the heartvalves.II 转译成名词：1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.2. To them, he personified the absolute power.3. Those who huddled pitifully together on the left were t he old, theinfirm, the ill and the very young.4. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.5. The Wilde family were religious.6. They were considered insincere.III 转译成形容词：1. It’s the truth.2. Such news was no jokes.3. We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy.4. Gases differ from solid in that the former has greater compressibilitythan the latter.5. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him thenecessary help.6. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.7. The sun rose thinly from the sea.IV 其他转译：1. He then acted as a reluctant interpreter.2. He had the kindness to show me the way.3. This is a sheer nonsense.4. Buckley was in a clear minority.5. The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of comingto visit the city poor.6. He is physically weak but mentally sound.三、增词：persuasion preparation backwardness tension arrogance madness antagonism1. The crowds melted away.2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.3. He sank down with his face in his hands.4. Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.5. To wash before meal. To wash after getting up. To wash beforegoing to bed.6. First you borrow, then you beg.7. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.8. He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholystreak.9. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared hisown son guilty.10. Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.11. The lion is the king of animals.12. All the rules of the military discipline must be strictly observed.13. Once they had a quarrel.14. Herb gave her a sly look.四、重复：great contributions gratitude ingratitude prosperity eternal glory to vivid hesitate arrogance grotesque careless in chaos street gossip rumours1. China is the cradle of ancient and modern cultures.2. Wood can not conduct electricity, nor can glass.3. You can do translation work very well, if you care to.4. Grammar deals with the structure of language, English grammar with the structure of English.5. We shall need to apply our scientific and technological resources to literally every aspect of our society, to our commerce, our industry, our medicine, our transportation.五、正反译法：1. He knew he was mortally ill.2. The first bombs missed the target.3. Such a chance was denied me.4. We can safely say so.5. His refusal is not final.6. This failure is the making of him.7. We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.8. He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.9. My guess is as good as yours.10. The decision is to come.11. Don’t lose time in posting this letter.12. The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.13. He saw at once that Phil was not all right.14. The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannotsensibly be put off.15. Let bygones be bygones.16. Haste makes waste.17. Be careful! Mind my right arm!18. She told me, as I departed, that she’d hate to be in my position.19. Cease-fires in the Mideast have an unhappy habit of becoming unstuck.20. He told us of his success with undisguised delight.21. Dancing in public with a lot of country girls! I’m surprised that you could even think of it.22. Washington must do something about the situation, and soon.六、被动态的译法：1. Today this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is noeffective drainage system.2. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fullyunderstood.3. In case of non-delivery, letters must be returned to the senders.4. The collection of poems has been translated into many foreignlanguages.5. Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloak-room.6. Liars are not believed even when they tell the truth.7. He was policed by bosses’ cops.8. It is generally accepted that matter is in constant motion and inconstant change.9. As rain fell in the Ethiopian highlands and the snow melted in theMountains of the Moon, the river was everlastingly renewed.10. North Adelaide, which is chiefly residential, is bordered by moreparklands, and contains two open squares.11. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned byfour bridges and lined with ornamental gardens.12. The town hall’s foundation stone was laid in 1863.七、定语从句的译法：I 译成定语词组：1. The incubation period is the time that elapses between the entranceof the microorganism and the manifestation of the disease.2. The people who worked for him live in mortal scare of him.3. Each day we make decisions that affect our lives and sometimes, thelives of others.4. Brindley had begun on his account, out of interest, to survey thewaterways that he traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines.II 译成并列句1. The nervous system consists of a great number of nerves, which likethe blood vessels extend to all parts of the body.2. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed upto 200 pounds each.3. Isabel was a tall girl with the oval face, a straight nose, fine eyes andfull mouth that appeared to be characteristics of the family.4. The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjectsfor which they had been founded.5. …and the old ways of earning a living rivaled by new agriculturaltechniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strange machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power.6. And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited only by the Western Europeans.7. This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khan's grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.III 溶合法1. There are many people who want to see the film.2. There is a sense in which morality and expedience need not conflict.3. There are events taking place at this time which dim their hopes andlessen the prospects.IV 译成状语从句1. He would have to be very careful not to offend the foreman, whocould give him the sack at any time.2. The task, which seemed to be difficult, was already accomplished intime.3. He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.4. Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them tokeep alive their families.5. There was something original, independent, and heroic about theplan that pleased all of them.6. Zhou Enlai arranged for experts from Beijing University to give BillMorrow some up-to-date information he wanted.八、长句的翻译：可调整语序、调整长度1. Here at home in England, under the fire of the Boche, we do notforget the ties and links that unite us to France, and we are persevering steadfastly and in good heart in the cause of European freedom and fair dealing for the common people of all countries, for which, with you, we drew the sword.原序2. The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at anaverage of 5.5 percent a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year rate in the mid-1970s, simply stopped growing in 1981-1982.3. If you reach Chicago by train and spend only an hour or two thereyou will feel the light wind off the lake which gives it the name “Windy City”.变序4. The Westerner who developed a farm, opened a shop, or set up inbusiness as a trader, could hope to prosper only as his own community prospered—and his community ran from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada down to Mexico.5. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes foroutstanding work in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals.6. Although experienced diplomats do not often share the popularskepticism about international law, there is a danger that the popular attitude may affect inexperienced officials and pressure groups within a state, and that the state may, as a result, be pushed into breaking international law.拆句7. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as bythe company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.8. In the spirit of frankness which I hope will characterize our talks thisweek, let us recognize at the outset these points: we have at times in the past been enemies. We have great differences today. What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend these differences.9.It all began in the mid-1850s, when Lowe’s experiments withballoons led him to believe in the existence of an upper stream of air that moved in an easterly direction, no matter what direction the lower currents flowed.并句10. We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer often come with intensity great enough to cause flash-flooding. Every child raised in the West know about these dangers. At least that’s what Iused to think. I’m not so sure anymore.九、习语的译法：I 英汉成语比较：☉比喻不同1. Just like the mushroom.2. Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.3. Look for a needle in a haystack.4. Like a rat in a hole.5. No smoke without fire.6. A good conscience is a soft pillow.7. Neither fish nor fowl.8. You cannot make a crab walk straight.☉风俗习惯不同1. Dog tired2. To dog one’s steps3. Top dog4. Lucky dog5. As faithful as a dog6. Love me, love my dog7. Every dog has its day8. A surly dog9. That/this dirty dag10. He is in the doghouse.11. He was a bit of a dog in his younger days ☉历史背景不同1. To know the ropes2. To tide over3. To sink or swim4. To go with the stream5. To clear the decks6. All at sea7. Plain sailing8. To rest one’s oars9. To keep one’s head above water10. Blow hot and cold11. Love is blind.12. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.II 英汉习语对译☉直译1. Golden age2. To pack like sardines3. Sour grapes4. A gentlemen’s agreement5. An olive branch6. The Trojan horse7. The heel of Archilles8. The sword of Damocles9. To show one’s card10. To turn over a new leaf11. He laughs best who laughs last.12. Necessity is the mother of invention.13. We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.14. Barking dogs do not bite.15. A rolling stone gathers no moss.☉借用1. Burn one’s boats2. Walls have ears3. Go through fire and water4. Man proposes, God disposes.5. Fish in the troubled waters6. Constant dropping wears the stone.7. A thorn in the flesh8. Facts speak louder than words.9. A flash in the pan10. Have one foot in the grave11. At the end of one’s rope12. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.13. To laugh off one’s head14. To spend money like water15. Six of one and half a dozen of another☉意译1. To have other fish to fry2. To rain cats and dogs3. Have a bee in one’s bonnet4. Hit the nail on the head5. But the die was cast, he could not go back.6. She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can dowhat she likes.7. Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girlfelt like a fish out of water.8. They don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.☉注释To carry coals to Newcastle☉注意事项：缩略，多义，风格，褒贬，民族文化色彩，假朋友十、英语专业词的翻译：I 词义选择：Column pupil cellFeed:1. She feeds the cow with the bran.2. This motor can feed several machines.3. We use the pump to feed fresh water into the boiler.4. They use mechanical stokers to feed coal into the furnace.5. We can feed the oil into the bearing in several ways.6. Tool carriage supports and feeds the cutting tools over the work. Money:1. Money bill2. Money corporation3. Money dealer4. Money flow5. Money market6. Money order7. Money position8. Money termsFinance (Financial):1. Finance bill2. Finance charge3. Finance house4. Finance officer5. Financial executive6. Financier7. Financial statistics8. Financial committee9. Financial Adjustment10. Financial policyII 译名的统一：III 新词语的译法：音译，意译，音义兼译，象译，创造新词。