RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS
合同法第二次重述
Chapter 1
MEANING OF TERMS
第一章 合同条款的含义
§1. CONTRACT DEFINED
A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.
§1.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，如果违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；如果其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。
§2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE.
(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way,so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.
(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.
(3) The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee....
(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.
§2. 允诺；允诺人；受允诺人
（1）允诺就是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示，这种意思表示使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺已经作出。 （2）作出该意思表示的人是允诺人
（3）该意思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。
（4）如果该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利，则该人为受益人。
§3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED
An agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.
§3. 协议的定义；交易磋商约定的定义
一个协议就是两个或两个以上的人一致的意思表示。一个交易磋商约定是为允诺与允诺之间的交换，或为允诺与义务履行的交换，或为义务履行之间的交换而达成的协议。 §4. How a Promise May Be Made
§4. 允诺如何作出
A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.
一个允诺可以用口头言词或书面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地从行为中推断而得。
§5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract
(1) A term of promise or agreement is that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.
(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations.
§5. 允诺，协议或合同的条件
（1）允诺或协议的条件就是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔约的赞同。
（2）合同的条件就是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允诺，由此引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在，不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些法律关系。
§6. Formal Contracts
The following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing contracts in general:
(1) Contracts under seal,
(2) Recognizances,
(3) Negotiable instruments and documents,
(4) Letters of credit.
§6. 要式合同
下列类型的合同根据其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法律规则的调整：
（1） 盖印合同
（2）保证书
（3）可流通票据和单据
（4）信用证
§7. Voidable contracts
A voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract,or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.
§7.可撤消的合同
如果合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示，或通过订立一个取消撤消权的合同，撤消该合同已经建立的法律关系，则该合同为可撤消的合同。
§8. Unenforceable Contracts
An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.
§8. 不能强制执行的合同
不可强制执行的合同是指这样一种合同，即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强