第8课修辞格的翻译Contents:相同点：分类和使用不同点：语言环境、美学观念不同，用不同修辞格表达同一概念，to eat like a horse, to work like a horse辞格分类：音韵修辞格结构修辞格语义修辞格辞格翻译分为三类：可译：同一辞格不可译：（涉及到不同文字字形结构或音韵）另辟奇径难译：转换辞格，意译原则：使原文音形义的修辞效果尽可能完美地传达出来翻译方法：直译意译(转换修辞格转换喻体引申词义增加用词) 弥补classification:音韵修辞格：(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)alliteration头韵, onomatopoeia拟声，assonance, rhyme脚韵结构/句法修辞格：(Syntactical Stylistic Devices)repetition反复, chiasmus回文, parallelism排比, antithesis对偶, question and answer 设问，rhetoric question 反问, anastrophe倒装语义修辞格：(Lexical Stylistic Devices)metaphor暗喻, simile明喻, metonymy转喻, personification拟人, irony反语, hyperbole夸张, understatement缩小, allusion典故, euphemism讳饰, contrast, paradox/oxymoron精警, transferred epithet移就, pun双关, zeugma拈连, parody仿拟1.音韵修辞格：(Phonetic Rhetorical Devices)alliteration头韵,onomatopoeia拟声rhyme脚韵1. 1 Alliteration （头韵）It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words, such as “proud as a peacock” and “blind as a bat”.Alliteration is often used in poetry to give emphasis to words that are related in meaning:Wherefore feed, and clothe, and save,From the cradle to the grave,Those ungrateful drones who wouldDrain your sweat—nay, drink your blood?—Percy Bysshe ShellyAlliteration is sometimes used in prose for the same effect—to join two or more related words:I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.The Russian danger is therefore our danger, …just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free men and free peoples in every quarter of the globe.------from Winston Churchill’s speech on Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.翻译：增加用词Then Lieutenant Grub launched the old recruiting routine．See，save and serve!于是．格拉布上尉开始说起招兵的老一套了：见见世面，攒点钱，为国家出点力!此例主要修辞手法是Alliteration(头韵)。
See, save and serve在用作不及物动词时。
宾语实际上隐含在动词后面．译成汉语时需要把它表达出来。
因此译文中分别增加了世面、钱、国家三个词。
1.2 RhymeWhen the cat's away, the mice will play.猫儿不在，鼠儿作怪。
秦时明月汉时关，万里长征人未还。
The age-old moon still shines o'er the ancient Great Wall,But our frontier guardsmen have not come back at all.饭来张口，衣来伸手have only to open one's mouth to be fedand hold out one's hands to be dressed----- lead an easy life1.3 onomatopeia (拟声）A hammering clatter of hoofs beating the hard road.“得、得、得”，坚硬的路面上响着接连不断的马蹄声。
White jagged lightning, followed by the brazen clash and deep rumble of thunder.”天空中闪过一道成V形的白色闪电，紧接着传来一声霹雳，然后是深沉的隆隆雷声。
把人或动物发出的声音如实加以描摹的修辞方法称为拟声。
汉英都有拟声，但是区别较大。
一些英语动词和名词融音义于一体，本身就具备拟声的特点；而汉语则采用直接描摹声音的拟声词。
2. 结构修辞格：(Syntactical RhetoricalDevices) repetition反复parallelism排比antithesis对偶question and answer 设问rhetoric question反问anastrophe倒装apostrophe 呼告2.1 反复(Repetition）根据表达的需要，重复使用同一语句或词语的修辞手法叫反复。
可以突出感情，分清层次，增添旋律美，加强节奏感。
April, April, Laugh thy girlish laughter. (W. Watson)四月呀四月，笑吧，姑娘般地笑吧。
A thin man in a thin overcoat watched them out of thin, emotionless eyes.一个骨瘦如柴、衣服单薄、双目失神的男子注视着他们。
It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silence of bee and flower and ocean and land.绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱。
密封无言，春花不语，海涛声咽，大地音沉，这日子是如此安详。
连用四字格和连词2.2 排比（parallelism ）排比就是连续使用三个或三个以上结构相同或相似的句子或词组，起到增强语言的感染力和气势的效果。
直译保留原文排比的感染力和气势，译文一般采取排比的形式。
1) V oltaire waged the splendid kind of warfare. The war of thought against matter, the war of reason against prejudice,the war of the just against the unjust.2) He conquered violence by a smile, despotism by sarcasm, infallibility by irony, obstinacy by perseverance, ignoranceby truth.3) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.4) Doubt thou the stars are fire;Doubt that the sun doth move;Doubt truth to be a liar;But never doubt I love.5）我不相信天是蓝的；我不相信雷的回声；我不相信梦是假的；我不相信死无报应。
2.3对偶（Antithesis）对偶要求上下两句在结构上相同或相似，字数相等或基本相等。
Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen;Duty, faith, love, are roots, and ever green.(from a sonnet by George Peele)美貌、体力、年轻，就像花朵，终将衰尽；义务、信念、爱情，就像树根，万古长青。
樱花红陌上，柳叶绿池边。
（《周恩来诗选<春日偶成>》The pathways red with cherry blossoms;The lakeside green with willow leaves.2.4 设问（question and answer)设问就是用自问自答的形式来达到增强语气、吸引注意力的效果，并可以起到承上启下的作用，常用直译。
例如：1）Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate.2) To what is the increase of population? In part, I suppose, to a general increase in prosperity.3) 既然小李已经向他道歉，他应该怎么做呢？当然是原谅小李了。
2.5 反问（rhetorical question ）反问指有意提出不答自明的问题，以达到加强预期的效果，通常直译。
例如：1) It is possible to run a primitive society without a penal code; why not a cultured society?2) Can't you just leave me alone?3) 你的心过去是苦的，你怎么能闻到红叶的香味？4）谁愿意和手上有同志鲜血的人握手呢？2.6 Anastrophe 倒装Fine and sunny it was when we started on our way. 我们动身那天，天气晴朗，阳光灿烂。