1. Put the following into Chinese.（1）Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistor. The constant of proportionality is the resistance value of the resistor in ohms.流过电路里电阻的电流，与加在电阻两端的电压成正比，与电阻的阻值成反比。
这就是欧姆定律。
（2）Many materials, however, closely approximate an ideal linear resistor over a desired operating region.不过，许多材料在规定的工作范围内非常接近理想线性电阻。
（3）It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent ) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow.应该注意：一个理想电压源（独立或受控）可向电路提供任意电流以保证其端电压为规定值，而电流源可向电路提供任意电压以保证其规定电流。
（4）A different class of relationship occurs because of the restriction that some specific type of network element places on the variables. Still another class of relationship is one between several variable of the same type which occurs as the result of the network configuration, i. e., the manner in which the various element of the network are interconnected.一种不同类型的关系是由于网络元件的某种特定类型的连接对变量的约束。
另一类关系由于网络结构，即网络的不同元件互相连接的方式所产生的相同形式的一些变量间的关系。
（5）The thermal conductivity of metals is as much as several hundred times that of glass.金属的导热率比玻璃高几百倍。
（6）Magnetic line of force will，whenever passible, travel through iron or other magnetic materials.磁力线只要有可能就会通过铁或其它磁性材料。
（7）Actually, 0 o C is indeed the lower limit to temperatures capable of being attained.事实上绝对零度确是所能达到的温度的最低限度。
2. Translate the following into English.（1）电路元件吸收或释放的功率为元件两端的电压与流过该元件电流的乘积。
The power absorbed or supplied by a circuit element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it.（2）理想独立电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流不依赖于电路中其他变量。
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables.（3）受控电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流受电路中某部分电压或电流控制。
An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.（4）叠加定理为：线性电路中，任一电压或电流都是电路中各个独立电源单独作用时，在该处产生的电压或电流的叠加。
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or current through) that element due to each independent source acting alone.（5）计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
Computers may be classfied as analog and digital．（6）新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。
The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times．（7）超导体在电气应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。
The importance of superconductor in the uses of electricity cannot be overestimated.1.Put the following into Chinese.（1）A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a three-layer silicon (or germanium) device consisting of either two p- and one n-type layers of materials (pnp) or two n- and one p-type layers of materials (npn). 双极结型晶体管为三层的硅（或锗）器件，由两个P型和一个N型材料层（NPN）或者两个N型和一个P型材料层（PNP）组成。
（2）Since the emitter follower has a high input impedance and a low output impedance, its voltage gain is less than unity and the power gain is normally lower than that obtained from other configurations.由于射极跟随器的输入阻抗高且输出阻抗低，其电压增益小于1，功率增益通常也比其他结构小。
（3）The current in a reverse-biased diode is small (typically 10-8A for silicon) and approximately independent of voltage until the breakdown region at high reverse voltages is reached.反向偏置的二极管中电流很小（硅管的典型值为10-8安），在处于较高的反向电压的击穿区外基本上与电压无关。
（4）Most integrated circuits provide the same functionality as “discrete” semiconductor circuits at higher levels of reliability and at a fraction of the cost.许多集成电路具有和分立的半导体电路相同的功能，而且可靠性更高，成本更低。
（5）Something must be done to prevent the expanding outbreak of bird flu.必须采取措施防止禽流感大流行。
（6）The first round of the six-part talks had been colored by acrimony over North Korea's nuclear weapons.第一轮六方会谈弥漫着不协调的气氛：会上对朝核问题争论激烈。
（7）Two years’ working is a must to the people who want to take up graduated examination.对于要参加研究生考试的人来说，两年的工龄事是必备条件。
2.Translate the following into English.（1）模拟放大器根据设定的放大倍数对模拟电压或电流信号进行放大，以推动负载工作。
Analog amplifiers can amplify analog voltage or current signals to drive the load according to the preset amplification.（2）放大器的增益就是放大倍数，用于表示放大器对小信号的放大能力。
The gain of the amplifier is its amplification that is used to express its capability of amplifying small signals.（3）很多实际应用系统中的放大电路都通过级联多级放大器来提高放大倍数。
Many amplifying circuits in practical application systems chain together a series of amplifier stages to improve their amplification.（4）模拟电路用于处理在0伏到电源电压之间任意变化的信号。