专题六非谓语动词考点一非谓语动词作定语(一)不定式作定语1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面需有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上会省去。
He had no place to live.他没有地方住。
2.用不定式作定语的几种情况:(1)不定式表将来。
①The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。
②(2016·四川高考)For 25 days,she never left her baby,not even to find something to eat!二十五天来,她从来没离开过孩子,甚至都不去找些吃的。
(2)用来修饰被序数词、形容词最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主谓关系。
①He was the best man to do the job.他是做这份工作的最佳人选。
②She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。
(3)有些与名词同形的动词常跟不定式,因而它们用作名词时也常跟不定式作定语,常见的有:promise,plan,attempt,offer等。
①I don't trust his promise to come for a visit.我不相信他来访的诺言。
(比较:He promised to come for a visit.)②He said he had no plans to go there.他说他没有要去那里的计划。
(比较:He didn't plan to go there.)③He made an attempt to stand up.他试图站起来。
(比较:He attempted to stand up.)(二)分词作定语1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式为:v.-ing ,being +过去分词和过去分词。
当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时,用v.-ing ;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being +过去分词;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。
①The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。
(被动、正在进行)②(2016·浙江高考)To return to the problem of water pollution ,I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.为了再讨论一下水污染的问题,我想让大家看一项2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。
(被动、已经完成)2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为:v.-ing 和过去分词。
v.-ing 表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧boiling water 沸腾的水(表正在进行)boiled water 开水(表完成) ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧falling leaves 正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)fallen leaves 已经落下的叶子(表完成) ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧developing countries 发展中国家(表正在进行)developed countries 发达国家(表完成) (三)动名词作定语动名词作定语,动名词用来说明被修饰词的用途。
a fishing net 渔网(=a net for fishing)a swimming pool 游泳池(=a pool for swimming)(四)to be done ,done 和being done 作定语的区别to be done 表被动、将来;done 表被动、完成;being done 表被动、正在进行。
①Have you read the novel written by Dickens?你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗?(表被动、完成)②Listen !The song being sung is very popular with the students.听!正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。
(表被动、正在进行)③The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
(表被动、将来)考点二 非谓语动词作状语(一)不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语的情况较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加in order 或so as ,构成“in order to do”或“so as to do”结构。
“in order to do”结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可放在句中;“so as to do”结构只能放在句中。
“in order to do”“so as to do”结构置于句中时,不能用逗号隔开。
①Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year(so as/in order)to visit her.她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京来看她。
②Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it.鲍勃记下了我的电话号码以免忘记。
③(2016·四川高考)Every day in our work,we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.在我们工作的每一天中,我们都受到那些我们遇到的、做着不平凡的事情去改善这个世界的人的鼓舞。
2.不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so...as to;such...as to;...enough to;only to(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果);too...to等。
I'm not so stupid(a fool)as to write it down.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left.简匆忙赶回来却发现她的母亲已经离开了。
(表示“意外或事与愿违的结果”)I'm too tired to stay up longer.我太累了,不能再熬夜了。
[注意]only too...to结构中,too...to...并非是“太……而不能……”之意。
此时,与too...to...搭配的形容词常见的有pleased,ready,willing,glad,happy等。
I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格了,我非常高兴。
3.不定式作原因状语形容词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。
用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有:happy,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleased等。
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时,我是多么高兴。
4.在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等。
This question is easy to answer.这个问题容易回答。
This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。
(二)分词作状语2.分词作状语的句法功能分词作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。
为了强调,还可与while,when,once,if,unless等连词连用。
①When offered help,one often says“Thank you”or“It's kind of you”.(时间)当被提供帮助的时候,人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。
②Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.(原因)和其他大陆分离了数百万年,澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的国家都找不到的动植物。
③Generally speaking,if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(条件)一般来说,如果按照说明服用,这种药没有副作用。
④He glanced over at her,noting that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(结果)他不经意地看了一下她,注意到她虽然很纤弱,但看起来非常健康。
⑤(2016·天津高考)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows,making air conditioning unnecessary.凉爽的风穿过卧室的窗户,使空调不再是必要的。
⑥Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)虽然被告诉过好多次了,但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。
⑦The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(伴随)老师进了实验室,后面跟着一些学生。