Cicero ( 西塞罗公元前 106-前43年, 古罗马政治家、雄辩家 )
? I saw that to employ the same expressions
profited me nothing, while to employ others was a positive hindrance… Afterwards I resolved to translate freely Greek speeches of the most eminent orators. As a consequence, I not only found myself using the best words, and yet quite familiar ones, but also coining by analogy certain words such as would be new to our people, provided only they were appropriate (Robinson 2019a: 7).
?翻译必须采用人民的语言。 ?翻译必须注重语法和意思的联系。译者不
能与语法背道而驰，但更应该注意意思的 理解和表达。
?翻译必须遵循意译七原则。 ?翻译必须集思广益。
he mother in her house, the children in the street, and the common man in the market (Robinson 2019a: 25, modified).
?webiledl,lisohuasggy,
马丁·路德 （1483-1546）
? Jerome maintained the major terms of source text and target text, original meaning and translated meaning, the concepts of literal and dynamic translation (word for word and sense for sense“).
? Interpreting the original meaning correctly in order to reproduce it properly (Gentzler 1993: 95).
哲罗姆（347--420）
?翻译不能始终字当句对，而必须采取灵活
的原则。
?应当区别对待文学翻译与宗教翻译。前者
意译，后者直译。
?正确的翻译必须依靠正确的理解。
Martin Luther
?Luthers aim is to keep communication
with readers and listeners, but the audience for his new translation of the scriptures was composed not of scholars but plain speakers of vernacular German,
西塞罗主要观点
?译者应该像演说家一样，使用符合古罗马
语言习惯的语言来表达外来作品的内容。
?直译是缺乏技巧的表现。翻译应保留词语 最内层的东西，即意思。
?翻译也是文学创作。 ?各种语言的修辞手段彼此相通，因此翻译
可以做到风格对等。
?提出“解释员”式翻译和“演说家”式翻译，即
直译与意译。
St. Jerome
Romanticism around the beginning of the
nineteenth century,
?(3) a 浜摯牥屮 period, reaching well into
the twentieth century, in which the
influence of General Linguistics is
Translation theories in the west
?According to Steiner (2019: 248-9), the
history of discourse on translation is
divided into four periods:
?(1) a raditional period, from the
increasingly dominant
?(4) the contemporary period, a cultural
turn to translation studies.
a raditional period
?Over two millennia, only a few authors
have succeeded in introducing anything fundamental or new. These creators and transformers include Saint Jerome, Luther, Dryden, Holderlin, Novalis, Schleiermacher, Nietzsche, Ezra Pound, (2019: 283)
of the Christian era to the end of
the eighteenth century, which is a period 景尠immediate empirical focus “
?㈨??数楲摯漠? theory and hermeneutic
inquiry , growing out of German
? He insisted on “the accurate transmission of the meaning of the text rather than the budding orator's freely ranging imagination“.
? He introduced he first major shift in western translation theory“.