西塞罗主要观点
• 译者应该像演说家一样，使用符合古罗马
语言习惯的语言来表达外来作品的内容。
• 直译是缺乏技巧的表现。翻译应保留词语
最内层的东西，即意思。
• 翻译也是文学创作。 • 各种语言的修辞手段彼此相通，因此翻译
可以做到风格对等。
• 提出“解释员”式翻译和“演说家”式翻译，即
直译与意译。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
St. Jerome
[the author’s] words are not so strictly followed but his sense”.
• "imitation, where the translator assumes the
liberty, not only to vary from the words and the sense, but to forsake them both as he sees occasion"
beginning of the Christian era to the end of
the eighteenth century, which is a period of
"immediate empirical focus“
• (2) a period of "theory and hermeneutic
• He insisted on “the accurate transmission of the meaning of the text rather than the budding orator's freely ranging imagination“.
• He introduced "the first major shift in western translation theory“.
have succeeded in introducing "anything fundamental or new". These creators and transformers include " Saint Jerome, Luther, Dryden, Holderlin, Novalis, Schleiermacher, Nietzsche, Ezra Pound, " (1998: 283)
意译，后者直译。
• 正确的翻译必须依靠正确的理解。
Martin Luther
• Luther"s aim is to keep communication
with readers and listeners, but the audience for his new translation of the scriptures was composed not of scholars but plain speakers of vernacular German, "the mother in her house, the children in the street, and the common man in the market" (Robinson 1997a: 25, modified).
inquiry", growing out of German
Romanticism around the beginning of the
nineteenth century,
• (3) a "modern" period, reaching well into
the twentieth century, in which the
influence of General Linguistics is
increasingly dominant
• (4) the contemporary period, a cultural
turn to translation studies.
a "traditional" period
• Over two millennia, only a few authors
Epistles (1680):
• "metaphrase…turning an author word by word,
and line by line, from one language into another“.
• “paraphrase, or translation with latitude…where
• Interpreting the original meaning "correctly in order to reproduce it properly" (Gentzler 1993: 95).
哲罗姆（347--420）
• 翻译不能始终字当句对，而必须采取灵活
的原则。
• 应当区别对待文学翻译与宗教翻译。前者
• "wild, shaggy, "rebellious"
马丁·路德 （1483-1546）
• 翻译必须采用人民的语言。 • 翻译必须注重语法和意思的联系。译者不
能与语法背道而驰，但更应该注意意思的 理解和表达。
• 翻译必须遵循意译七原则。 • 翻译必须集思广益。
John Dryden
• In the Preface to his translation of Ovid"s
Translation theories in the west
• According to Steiner (1998: 248-9), the
history of discourse on translation is
divided into four periods:
• (1) a "traditional" period, from the
• Jerome maintained the major terms of source text and target text, original meaning and translated meaning, the concepts of literal and dynamic translation ("word for word" and "sense for sense“).