Century
• Theories of Human Behavior and Development: Biological, Religious, Psychological,
Behavioral, Socio-cultural
• Historical Eras: Ancient, Dark Ages, Enlightenment,
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Philosophy
From the earliest beginnings of recorded history it has involved discussions and debates not just about truth, but what are our methods of inquiry into truth. So one of the differences between philosophy and straightforward scientific inquiry is that in philosophy the issue isn’t merely about what the truth is, but how we can know what the truth is. A physicist and biologist know things, but the philosopher asks, How do they know?
It is for that reason that philosophy is often described as a ‘second-order’ activity: thinking about thinking, knowing about knowing.
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Thales (624-546 B.C.E)
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Introduction To Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology
of Education
Created by Jeff Strauss MA Educational Foundations
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Branches of Study
• Philosophical Theories of Human Existence: Pre-Socratic, Medieval, Modern, 19th and 20thustrial, Information
• Sociological Theories of Society and Cultures: Structuralism, Conflict Theory, Marxism,
Critical Theory, Post-Modernism
“Everything is made of water”
There is an underlying reality beyond appearances that is radically different from things as they appear to us through our senses
Socrates
Plato
Los Tres Amigos
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Aristotle
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Socrates (470 to 399 B.C.E)
• “The unexamined life is not worth living”
• This statement sets the stage for a revolutionary progression of Western thinking. That the individual is responsible to answer questions such as What meaning do I want to give my life? How should I live? What really matters? What is truth and how can I know it.
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25 Centuries Since Philosophy and Science Have altered only 1 word
• Everything is made of water • Everything is made of air • Everything is made of the indeterminate
• Intrinsic Value
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Plato (428-348 B.C.E)
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Plato and the Allegory of the Cave
• Plato viewed the world of appearances as an illusion
• True knowledge (ideas) could not be sought through the senses
boundless • Everything is made of fire • Everything is made of numbers • Everything is made of atoms • Everything is made of quarks
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The ancient Greeks as a starting point for western civilizations philosophical traditions
• Aristotle collapsed the physical world of matter (the realm of appearances) and the world of ideas to explain change.
• Wisdom requires us to see beyond sense experience and to learn about the underlying first principles and causes of things.
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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)