填空题：1.Data and program are stored in computer memory.2.The output data depend on the combination of two factors: the input data and the program.3.Every computer today is based on the von Neumann model.4. A computer is a programmable data processor that accepts input data and programs andoutputs data.5.Numbers, text, images, audio, and video are all forms of data. Computers need all types’ data.6. A bit is the smallest unit of data that can be stored in a computer.7. A byte is 8 bits8. A 4-bit pattern can be represented by a hexadecimal digit.9.Coding is the process of transforming dada into a bit pattern.10.The computer industry uses the term “multimedia” to define information that containsnumbers, text, images, audio, and video.11.Images use the bitmap graphic or vector graphic method for data representation.12.The image is broken up into pixels which can then be assigned bit patterns.13.Audio data are transformed to bit patterns through sampling, quantization, and coding.14.Video data are s set if sequential images.15.Most computers today use the two’s complement method of integer representation.16.Two’s complement is the most common, the most important, and the most widely usedrepresentation of integers today.17.To store a fraction in memory, you need its sign, exponent, and mantissa.18.The term overflow describes a condition in which a number is not within the range definedby the bit allocation.19.Logic operation on bits can be unary or binary.20.To unset (force to 0) all the bits of a bit pattern, make a mask of all 0s and then AND the bitpattern and the mask.21.To set a bit in a target bit pattern, set the corresponding mask bit to 1 and use the ORoperation.22.The CPU performs operations on data and has an ALU, a control unit, and a set of register.23.The registers are stand-alone storage devices that hold data temporarily.24.Registers can hold data, instructions, and also function as a program counter.25. A data bus, an address bus, and a control bus connect the CPU and memory.26. A controller handles the I/O operations between then CPU/memory and the much slower I/Odevices. SCSI, Fire Wire, and USB are common controllers.27.There are two methods to handle the addressing of I/O devices: isolated I/O andmemory-mapped I/O.28.To run an instruction in a program, the CPU first fetches the instruction, decodes it, and thenexecutes it29.The two designs for CPU architecture are CISC and RISC.30.There are three methods to synchronize the CPU and the I/O device: programmed I/O,interrupt-driven I/O and DMA.31. A protocol is a set of rules that controls the interaction of different devices in a network orinternetwork.32.The OSI model is a theoretical model that shows how many two different systems cancommunication with each other.33.The seven layers of the OSI model are the physical layer, data-link layer, network layer,transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer.34. A repeater is a connection device that regenerates data and extends the physical length ofnetwork..35. A gateway allows two networks, each with a completely deferent protocol suite, tocommunicate.36. A bridge is a connecting device that filters traffic.37.FTP is a protocol for file transfer.38.An IP address identifies each computer connected to the Internet.39. A document on the Internet can be classified as static, dynamic, or active.40.The protocol that supports electronic mail on the Internet is SMTP.41.The URL is a standard identifier for specifying information on the Internet.42.An operation system facilitates the execution of other software, acts as the general managerof computer system, and ensures the efficient use of hardware and software.43.The operation system oversees the memory manager, the process manager, the devicemanager, the file manger, and the user interface.44.In monoprogramming, most of memory capacity is dedicated to one single program.45.In multiprogramming, more than one program is in memory at the same time.46.In partitioning, memory is divided into variable length sections, each of which holds oneprogram.47.In paging, memory is divided into equally sized sections called frames and the program isdivided into equally sized sections called pages.48.The sum of the sizes of all the programs in memory is virtual memory.49. A job is a program that is selected for execution. A process is a job residing in memory.50. A state diagram shows the relationship between a program, job, and process. A job can be inhold, terminated, ready, running, or waiting state.51.An Algorithm is a step-by-step method for solving a problem or doing a task.52. A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm.53.Pseudocode is an Englishlike representation of an algorithm.54.Selection sort, bubble sort, and insertion sort are commonly used sorting algotithms.55.Sequential search is used for unordered lists. Binary search is used for ordered lists56.The only language understood by a computer is machine language.57.The steps to building a program include writing, editing, compiling, and linking code.58.There are five categories of computer languages: procedural, object-oriented, functional,declarative, and special..59.C++ uses the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.60.The development process for a software package involves four phases: analysis, design,implement, and testing.。