名词解释：1.Glass ceiling exists over women and minorities that allows them to think theycan advance into management levels where in reality they are discriminated against. Thus only a disproportionate, small percentage of woman andminorities make it into management roles.2.AA affirmative action was created to give certain grouping of peoplepreference over others to compensate for past discrimination opponents of affirmative action.3.Principal agent theory: When individual are not always informed adequately,they have not the technical skills to make decisions that will serve their best interests. Others have the competence and information to make decision on behalf of the principal in the principle's interests.4.Strategic management: is an approach to managing an organization thatemphasizes long-term thinking and, as the term states, managing strategically instead of reactively or intuitively.5.Public personnel management is "the management of a system wherebypublic agencies recruit, compensate, and discipline their employees. Thesystem is normally characterized by a watchdog differentiation between the structures that perform personnel tasks and structures that protectemployee's rights and insulate the process from politics."6.The compliance audit is the simplest and most common form of scrutiny of ppublic agencies. An auditor checks whether financial transactions undertaken by a public agency comply with relevant financial laws and regulations.7. A balance budget would be one in which revenues and expenditures for thecoming year are equal, without the need to borrow to make up for a deficit or funds shortfall.8.EEO: Equal employment opportunity was intend to create a level playing fieldby giving everyone and equal chance at education and employment.9.Strategic planning is the all important first step in strategic management. Itidentify the effects of current decision on future operation.10.Leadership: The action of who, whether elected, appointed, or emerging bygroup consensus, directs, coordinates, and supervises the work of others for the purpose of accomplishing a given task.简答题1.The four central issues in organization behavior:（1）S ocial pressure cause individual group member to conform.（2）E ducative work teams do not just happen, they must be built and nurtured.（3）M aking major changes in a government agency requires broad scope strategies that are similar to military tactics and strategies than toorganization theory.（4）I f an organization is to be become and remain effective,its members must engage in generative learning, learning that enhance our capacity to create.2.The tenets of classical organization theory:（1）O rganization exist to accomplish production-related and economic goals（2）T here is one best way to organize for production, and that way can be found through systematic, scientific inquiry.（3）P roduction is maximized through specialization and division for labor.（4）P eople and organization act in accordance with rational economic principles.3.Four conditions for successful team building:（1）I nterdependence（2）L eadership（3）J oint decision（4）E qual influence4.The key purpose of the budgetary process:（1）C ontrol over public money and accountability to public authority. （2）P redictability and planning（3）R elating expenditure to revenue（4）V arying spending to suit the economy（5）U sing the budget as a lever for efficiency.5.Four over-arching principles define the IGR:（1）C onstitutional government（2）F ormal federalism（3）T he diversity of government（4）P ervasive democracy6.Measurement for evaluating the productivity agency:（1）A comprehensive set of scrutiny mechanisms designed to examine performance and productivity（2）D etect and expose fraud or lack of compliance with financial mandates. （3）A ssesses and evaluate broader issues to do with program effectiveness.7.Main purposes of codes of ethics:（1）C odes of ethics aid in the formation of a professional consensus.（2）C odes of ethics provide a point of reference when a public administrator is faced with a dilemma.（3）C odes of ethics provide a basis for educating members.8.Four models of government that underlie current public sector reformproposal:（1）M arket government（2）P articipative government（3）F lexible government（4）D eregulated government9.The new public management:（1）P rivatization of many government activities（2）D ownsizing of public bureaucracies（3）A n emphasis on government making policy rather than delivering services （4）G reater use of nonprofits in service delivery（5）D eregulation（6）R educed bureaucratic complexity（7）T he decline of the politically neutral career public service（8）A n emphasis on measuring reporting and rewarding performance10.Hierarchy of ethics:（1）P ersonal morality（2）P rofessional ethics（3）O rganizational ethics（4）S ocial ethics。