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汉英笔译基础教程第5章 意合与形合


5.1 汉语意合的表现
❖ 2.因果律:先原因后结果的规律,包括条件—结 果,假设—可能,让步—转折,行为—目的,等 等。汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关系词,形 式类似并列复句,但分句却有主有次。
❖ 例2.人不犯我,我不犯人。
❖We will not attack unless we are attacked.
❖试比较: ❖烟消云散( vanish like mist and smoke) ❖文从字顺( readable and fluent) ❖所见所闻(what one sees and hears) ❖汉语词组里不需要连接词,而译为英语时必须加
and
5.1 汉语意合的表现
❖5.1.2 语序
❖1. 时序律:先发生的事先说,后发生的后说 ❖ 例1.她谈了半小时,告诉了他一切,然后起身走
❖“克服困难”(to overcome difficulties) ,“困难问题”(a difficult problem);
❖“脱离危险”(to get out of danger),“ 非常危险”(exceedingly dangerous)。
5.1 汉语意合的表现
❖在词组和短语这一层汉语也多为意合,其中并列 结构表现得最为突出。
only saw his back.
5.2英语形合的表现
❖ 6.隐含“转折/对比”关系的汉语意合句与英语形 合句:
❖ 例25.良药苦口,忠言逆耳。
❖Faithful words offend the ears just as good medicine tastes bitter.
❖ 例26.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。 ❖While the prospects are bright,the
disagreeable, to say one word more is a waste of breath.
5.2英语形合的表现
❖ 5.隐含“因果”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句: ❖例23.他不老实, 我不相信他。 ❖I can't trust him, because he is not
honest. ❖ 例24.我只见到他的背影,认不清是谁。 ❖I could not make out who he was as I
出了办公室。
❖She talked for half an hour, telling him all she knew before she rose,and walked out of the office.
❖如果将语序调整,事理顺序变了,句意也随之改 变。
❖试比较:她起身走出了办公室,然后谈了半小时 ,告诉了他一切。
5.2英语形合的表现
❖ 3.隐含“条件/假设”关系的汉语意合句与英语形 合句:
❖ 例19.早知今日,何必当初? ❖If I had known it would come to this, I
would have acted differently. ❖ 例20.抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。 ❖Once the principal contradiction is
❖他昨天骑自行车上班。He cycled to work yesterday
❖他下一周骑自行车上班。Next week, he will cycle to work.
5.2英语形合的表现
❖ 5.2.2关系词、连接词的广泛使用 ❖例14.These two cultures, which were
created in different areas, developed in parallel and without inter-influence.
something to ask of you.
5.1 汉语意合的表现
❖5.1.5 四字格。 ❖ 例8.玩火自焚。 ❖Whoever plays with fire will be
perished by fire. ❖ 例9.欲盖弥彰。 ❖The more one tries to hide, the more
5.2英语形合的表现
❖ 2.隐含“递进”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句: ❖ 例17.他们战胜了自然灾害,获得了丰收。 ❖They not only overcame the effects of
the natural adversity but won a bumper harvest. ❖ 例18.汤姆干了这件事,干得非常成功。 ❖Tom did it, and did it very successfully.
❖相比之下,在欧洲有两点是很显著的:第一,那 些在校成绩不太好,但在事业上获得成功的人, 往往仅靠头脑灵活并善于社交来为自己开路。
5.2英语形合的表现
❖汉语在表达条件、转折、因果等逻辑关系时并不一 定使用表达这种关系的词汇,读者也能一看便心领 神会,而对应的英译文就有各种连接词、关系词来 表达并列、转折、因果、递进、假设等关系:
5.1 汉语意合的表现
❖5.1.3 反复、排比、对偶、对照等。 ❖这些句式语句整齐、匀称,往往不用关联词。 ❖ 例4.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。 ❖As you sow, so will you reap. ❖ 例5.施恩勿记,受恩勿忘。 ❖If you confer a benefit, never
remember it; if you receive one, remember it always.
❖The rapidity of his movements was astonishing.
❖He astonished us by moving rapidly.
5.2英语形合的表现
❖ 2.构形形态,即表达语法意义的词形变化,如动 词时态的变化等:
❖例13.他每天骑自行车上班。He cycles to work everyday.
5.1 汉语意合的表现
❖汉语的意合性还表现为语法是软的,允许“违反” 语法结构的现象存在,例如:“吃东西”、“吃饭” 可以理解正常的语义组合关系,但是,“吃食堂” 、“吃得肥头大耳”则说明了汉语为达意所具有的 灵活和能动的特性。
❖ 例11. ❖a) 他星期天吃食堂。= b) 他星期天在食堂吃饭。 ❖ a) 天天好菜好饭吃得他肥头大耳。= b) 他天天
5.1 汉语意合的表现
❖5.1.4 紧缩句。 ❖ 例6.上梁不正下梁歪。 ❖If the upper beam is not straight , the
lower ones will go aslant. ❖ 例7.无事不登三宝殿。 ❖I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t
one is exposed.
5.1 汉语意合的表现
❖ 5.1.6 语法
❖ 例10.推开窗户一看真没想到 苦雨孤灯之后,会有这么一幅清美的图画!
❖ I opened the window and looked out. Ah, the rain clouds had vanished and the remaining raindrops on the tree leaves glistened tremulously under the moonlight like myriads of fireflies. To think that there should appear before my eyes such a beautiful sight after the miserable rain on a lonely evening! (张培基 译)
吃好菜好饭,长得肥头大耳。
5.2英语形合的表现
❖ 5.2.1形态变化 ❖1.屈折变化: 即起构词作用的词缀变化(
affixation),包括大量的前缀(prefix)和后 缀(suffix)。英语可以运用丰富的词缀构词造 句:
❖例12.He moved astonishingly fast.
❖His movements astonished US by their rapidity.
❖ 1.隐含“动作并列/连续”关系的汉语意合句与英 语形合句:
❖ 例16.我们应该相互尊重,相互学习,取长补短, 共同进步。
❖We should respect and learn from each other and draw upon others’ strong points to offset one’s own deficiencies for achieving common progress.
5.1 汉语意合的表现
❖汉语词性往往要通过它在句子中的词序或位置加 以判别:
❖如果孤零零来看,“学习”、“困难”、“危险 ”这些词,很难判断是名词,还是动词,或是形 容词。但在下列短语中,我们不难看出其词性:
❖“政治学习”(the study of politics),“ 学习政治”(to study politics);
road has twists and turns.
5.2英语形合的表现
❖ 5.2.3介词
❖ 英语的一个显著特点是介词丰富。介词是连接词、短语、 从句的重要手段,其数量和使用频率远远超过汉语:
❖ 例27.A decade after 9/11, it’s clear for all the world to see-the terrorists who attacked us that September morning are no match for the character of our people, the resilience of our nation, or the endurance of our values.
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汉英笔译基础教程第5章 意合与形合
第5章 意合与形合
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