语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Aabbreviation缩写词，略语ablative夺格，离格accent重音（符）accusative宾格achievement test成绩测试acquisition习得acronym缩略语action process动作过程actor动作者address form称呼形式addressee受话人addresser发话人adjective形容词adjunct修饰成分附加语adverb副词affix词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate塞擦音agreement一致关系airstream气流alliteration头韵allomorph词/语素变体allophone音位变体allophonic variation音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge齿龈alveolar齿龈音ambiguity歧义analogical creation类推造字anapest抑抑扬格anaphor前指替代anaphoric reference前指照应animate有生命的annotation注解antecedent先行词前在词anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学anticipatorycoarticulation逆化协同发音antonomasia换称代类名antonym反义词antonymy反义(关系)appellative称谓性applied linguistics应用语言学appliedsociolinguistics应用社会语言学appropriacy适宜性appropriateness适宜性得体性approximant无摩擦延续音aptitude test素质测试Arabic阿拉伯语arbitrariness任意性argument中项中词主目article冠词articulation发音articulator发音器官artificial speech人工言语aspect体aspirated吐气送气assimilation同化associative联想associative meaning联想意义assonance准压韵半谐音attributive属性修饰语定语authentic input真实投入authorial style权威风格authoring program编程autonomy自主性auxiliary助词auxiliary verb助动词Bbabbling stage婴儿语阶段back-formation逆构词法behavioural process行为过程behaviourism行为主义bilabial双唇音bilabial nasal双唇鼻音bilateral opposition双边对立bilingualism双语现象binary division二分法binary feature二分特征binary taxonomy二分分类学binding制约binding theory制约论blade舌叶舌面前部blank verse无韵诗blending混成法borrowing借用借词bound morpheme粘着语素bounding theory管辖论bracketing括号法brevity maxim简洁准则bridging架接broad transcription宽式音标broadening词义扩大Brown corpus布朗语料库Ccalculability可计算性calque仿造词语cancellability可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel基本元音case格交际性句子模式交际-语法教学法关系机辅助学习算机辅助教学机辅助语言学习conative意动的concept概念conceptual meaning概念意义concord一致（关系）concordance共现关系concrete noun具体名词concurrent同时发生的conjugation词形变化conjunct连接副词conjunction连接词conjunction buttressing连接词支撑connotation内涵consequent跟随成分consonance辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition不变对立constative表述的constituent proposition成分命题constituentstructureanalysis成分结构分析constituent成分construct编制construct validity编制效度construction构建constructivism构建主义content analysis内容分析content validity内容效度content word实义词context dependent语境依赖的context of situation情景语境context语境contextual analyses语境分析contextual meaning语境意义contrastive analysis对比分析control theory控制理论controlled language有控制的语言convention常规规约conventionalmeaning常规意义规约意义conventionality常规性规约性conversational implicature会话含义conversational maxim会话准则converseantonymy相反反义现象conversion变换cooperative principle, CP合作原则coordinate construction并列结构coordination并列coreferential互参的coronal舌面前音corpus data语料库语料corpus (plcorpora)语料素材corpus linguistics语料库语言学context上下文countable可数（名词）counterfactualproposition反事实命题couplet对句对联creativity创造性性Creole克里澳尔语混和语交际cross-linguistic跨语言的culturally-specific文化特异的curriculum教学大纲customizing定制的Ddactyl扬抑抑格Dani language达尼语data retrieval, DR资料检索database数据库dative (case)与格dative movement与格移动declarative陈述句decoding解码deductive演绎的deep structure深层结构defeasibility消除可行性definite有定的degenerate data无用的语料deixis指称delicacy精密阶denotation外延指称dental齿音dentalization齿音化derivation衍生derivational affix衍生词汇derivational morphology派生形态学descriptive adequacy描写充分性descriptive linguistics描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner限定词developing grammar发展语法deviant变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing清音化diachronic linguistics历时语言学diachronic历时的diacritic附加符号变音符diagnostic test诊断性测试dialect方言dialectology方言学digitized sound数字化语音dimetre二音步诗行diphthong二合元音双元音direct object直接宾语direct speech, DS直接言语direct thought, DT直接思想directionality方向性discourse语篇话语discourse analysis语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation语篇理解discrete分离的离散的discrete-point grammar离散语法discrete point test分立性测试disjunction分离关系displacement移位dissimilation异化（作用）distinctive feature区别性特征distinguisher辩义成分do-insertion rule do添加规则domain范围领域dorsal舌背音舌中音dorsum舌背（音）drill-and-practice software操练软件D-structureD结构dual双数dualistic view二分观点duality二重性Eearly Modern English早期现代英语economy经济性简洁性ejective爆发音electronic mail电子邮件ElizabethanEnglish伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis省略（法）elliptical sentence structure省略句子结构embedded element嵌入成分emic位学的emotive感情的empirical经验主义的empirical data经验主义的语料empirical validity经验效度empiricism经验主义empty category, EC空范畴enabling skills使成技能化encoding编码end rhyme末端韵endocentric construction内向结构entailment蕴涵entry condition入列条件epenthesis插音增音equipollent opposition均等对立equivalence相等equivalence reliability相等信度error analysis错误分析EST科技英语ethnicity identity民族认同etic非位的素的event process事件过程基于例句的机器翻译exchange error交换错误exchange sequence交际序列exchange structure交际结构exhaustive穷尽的彻底的existent存在物existential存在句existential process存在过程existential quantifier存在数量词exocentric外向的exocentric construction外向结构experiential经验的experiential function经验功能experimentalpsycholinguistics实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy解释充分性explicitgrammarinstruction,EGI明显的语法教学法expressionminimization表达最底程度expressive表达的extendedstandardtheory,EST扩展标准理论extensive引申的扩展的extent-conditionformat程度条件格式external evaluation外部评估external qualifier外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error外在的错误来源eye movement眼部移动Fface validity卷面效度facilitation便利促进Fasoldfeasibility可行性feature特征feedback反馈felicitycondition适宜性条件恰当条件femine阴性fiction小说figurativelanguage比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech修辞手段修辞格finite element有定成分finite有定的有限的finitestategrammar有限状态语法first-personnarrator第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology弗斯音系学flap闪音flexibility灵活性变通性floppy disk软盘focus焦点中心folk etymology俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features突出特征foregrounding突出前景话foreignlanguageteaching外语教学form形式formal difference形式差异formalization形式化formation形成formative构形成分构词成分free form自由形式freeindirectspeech,FIS自由间接言语free indirect thought, FIT自由间接思想free morpheme自由语素freerootmorpheme自由词根语素free variant自由变体free verse自由韵文French法语frequency effect频率效应fricative（摩）擦音friction摩擦front舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality translation,FAHQT全自动高质量翻译function word功能词function功能functional grammar功能语法functional linguistics功能语言学functionalsentenceperspective,FSP功能句子观functions of language语言功能fusion溶合fuzzy模糊的Ggender difference性别差异general linguistics普通语言学generalisation概括generative grammar生成语法generative semantics生成语言学genitive属格所有格genre体裁语类German德语given (information)已给信息global task整体任务glottal喉音glottal stop喉塞音goal目标government theory支配理论government支配grammatical analysis语法分析grammatical function;;grammatical structure语法结构gradableantonymy分等级的反义关系gradual opposition渐次对立grammatical category语法范畴grammatical concept语法概念grammatical description语法描写grammatical form语法形式grammatical marker语法标记grammatical meaning语法意义grammaticalorganization语法组成grammatical pattern语法类型grammatical process语法过程grammatical rule语法规则grammaticalsentencepattern,GSP语法句形grammaticalstructure语法结构grammatical subject语法主语grammatical system语法系统grammatical word语法词graphitic form文字形式Gricean maximGrice准则group词组guttural腭音Hhalf-rhyme半韵hard palate硬腭head中心词中心成分headed construction中心结构heptameter七音步诗行hierarchical structure等级结构hierarchical system等级系统hierarchy等级体系high高（元音）historical linguistics历史语言学holophrastic stage单词句阶段homonym同音/形异议词Hopi语horizontal relation链状关系Horn scale霍恩阶humancognitivesystem人类认知系统human language人类语言human speech人类言语human translation人译hypercorrection矫枉过正hyponym下义词hyponymy下义关系hypothesis假设hypothesis-deduction假设-演绎Iiamb抑扬格iambicpentameter抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis直接成分分析法ICALL(intelligentCALL)智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational(function)概念功能identifying认同的idiom成语习语idiomatically-governed习语支配的ill-formedsentences不合适的句子illocutionaryact话中行为施为性行为illocutionaryforce言外作用施为作用imaginative (function)想象功能immediacy assumption即时假定immediateconstituentanalysis直接成分分析法imperative rule祈使规则imperative祈使语气命令的implicate意含implication蕴涵含义implication connective蕴涵连接implicature含义言外之意implied meaning蕴涵意义implosive内破裂音内爆音inanimate无生命的inclusiveness relation内包意义indefinite不定的，无定的indicative陈述式陈述语气indirect object间接宾语indirct speech, IS间接言语indirect thought, IT间接思想Indo-Europeanlanguages印欧语言infinitive不定式infix中缀inflection屈折（变化）inflectional affix屈折词缀inflectionalmorphology屈折形态学inflective endings屈折结尾information retrieval信息检索information structure信息结构informative(function)信息功能innateness先天性innatenesshypothesis（语法）天赋假设input输入input hypothesis语言输入说instrumental(function)工具功能integrative test综合性测试intensifier强调成分intensive强调的增强的interactional(function)交互功能interpretation解释interrogative sentence疑问句intonation语调intra-linguistic relation语言内关系intransitive不及物的intrinsicsourcesoferror错误的内源invariable word不变词invention新创词语inversion倒置，倒装IPA chart国际音标图IPS symbol国际音标符号irony讽刺反话isolated opposition孤立对立Italian意大利语JJapanese日语jargon黑话行语Jesperson, OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones, DanielKkernel sentence核心句keyword关键词knowledge知识known information已知信息KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel标示标记labial唇音labiodental唇齿音language语言languageacquisitiondevice,LAD语言习得机制language attitude语言态度language choice语言选择language learning语言学习language maintenance语言维护language processing语言处理language structure语言结构language system语言系统languageteaching语言教学language universal语言普遍性language use语言使用langue语言（系统）larynx喉头lateral边音旁流音Latin拉丁语Latin grammar拉丁语法lax vowel松元音length长度音长letter字母level层，级，平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme词位词素lexical ambiguity词汇歧义lexical change词汇变化lexical level词汇层lexical meaning词汇意义lexical morphology词汇形态学lexical studies词汇研究lexical word词汇词lexicogrammar词汇语法lexicon词汇词典lexis词liaison连音连续limerick打油诗line诗行linear phonology线性音系学linear structure线形结构linguistic university语言普遍性linguistic behaviour语言行为linguisticbehaviourpotential语言行为潜势linguistic data语言素材linguistic description语言描写linguisticdeterminism语言决定论linguistic facts语言事实linguistic relativity语言相对性linguistic sexism语言性别歧视linguistic structure语言结构linguistic theory语言理论linguistic unit语言单位linguisticuniversal语言普遍性linguistic variation语言变异linguistics语言学lip rounding圆唇化literal language本义语言logicalformrepresentation逻辑式表达logical formula逻辑公式logical function逻辑功能logical semantics逻辑语义学logical structure逻辑结构logical subject逻辑主语logophoricity词照应London School伦敦学派long vowed长元音loss of sound语音脱落loudness响度Mmacrolinguistics宏观语言学macroposition宏观命题macrostructure宏观结构main clause主句Malinowski, Bronislawman-machine symbiosis人机共生manner maxim方式准则manner of articulation发音方式marked标记的masculine阳性matalinguistic元语言学的material (process)物质过程mathematicalprinciples数学原理maxim准则maximalonsetprinciple最大节首辅音原则meaningpotential意义潜势meaning shift转移meaning意义mental(processs)思维过程心理过程mentalism心灵主义message信息metafunction元功能metalinguistic元语言的metaphor隐喻metathesis换位（作用）metonymy换喻转喻metre韵律metrical patterning韵律格式microprocessor微处理器mid中（元音）mind思维minimal attachment theory最少接触理论minimal pair最小对立体minimalist programminimumfreeform最小自由形式mirror maxim镜像准则mistake错误modal subject语气主语modal verb情态动词modality情态modern French现代法语modification修饰modifier修饰语monomorphemic单语素的monophonemic单音位的monophthong单元音monosyllabic单音节的Motague grammar蒙太古语法mood语气morph形素词素形式morpheme语素词素形素morpheme-exchangeerror词素交错误morphemic shape词素形状morphemic structure词素结构morphemictranscription词素标音morphological change形态变化morphological rule形态规则morphology形态学音位成分morphonemics形态音位学morphonology形态音系学morpho-syntacticalchange形态句法变化mothertongue母语本族语motivation动因动机move（移动）MT机器翻译MT quality机译质量multilateral opposition多边对立multi-levelphonology多层次音系学multilingualism多语制多语现象Nnarratee被叙述者narrator叙述者narrator’srepresentationofspeechacts,NRSA言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’srepresentationofspeech,NRS言语的叙述者表达narrator’srepresentationofthoughtacts,NRTA思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’srepresentationofthought,NRT思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription窄式音标narrowing狭窄化nasal鼻音nasal cavity鼻腔nasal sound鼻音nasal stop鼻塞音nasal tract鼻道nasality鼻音性nasalization鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker操本族语者natural language自然语言naturalistic data自然语料near-adult grammar近成人语法negation否定结构negative否定的negative interference负面干扰negative marker否定标记negative transfer负转移neogrammarian新语法学家neutralizableopposition可中立对立new information新信息new stylistics新文体学node节nominal group名词词组nominalization名词化nominative主格non-authenticinput非真实语料的输入non-contrastiveanalysis非对比性分析non-conventionality非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linearphonology非线性音系学non-linguistic entity非语言实体non-pulmonic sound非肺闭塞音non-reciprocaldiscourse非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun非反身代词nonsewordstage无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues非言语提示norm规范notation system标写系统notion意念notional-functional syllabus意念功能教学大纲noun phrase名词短语noun名词number system数字系统number数字Oobject宾语object-deletion宾语省略objective case宾格objectivity客观性obligatory强制性observationaladequacy观察充分性abstruction阻塞OCRscanner光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre八音步诗行Old English古英语one-place predicate一位谓语on-line translation在线翻译onomatopoeia拟声词onset节首辅音open class开放类open syllable开音节operational system操作系统operative可操作性operator操作词oppositeness relation对立关系opposition对立optimal relevance最适宜关联option选择optional可选择的oral cavity口腔oral stop口阻塞音ordinal numeral序数词origin of language语言起源orthography正字法overgeneralization过分法则化Ppalatal腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar腭齿龈音palatalization（硬）腭化paradigm聚合体paradigmaticrelation聚合关系paraphrase释义意译parole言语part of speech词类participant参与者particle小品词语助词particulargrammar特定语的语法partive部分的部分格passivetransformation被动转换passive (voice)被动语态patterndrilltechnique句型操练法pattern模式patterning制定模式pause停顿peak（节）峰perceptual span感知时距perfectionism完善主义perfective完成体performance test语言运用测试performance语言运用performative(verb)行事性动词perlocutionary act话后行为perseverativecoarticulation重复性协同发音person人称personal (function)自指性功能pharyngeal咽头音喉音pharynx喉头谈话phone音素音子phonematic unit音声单位phoneme音位部分（法）phonological analysis音位分析phonological process音位过程phonologicalrepresentation音位表达phonological rule音位规则phonological structure音位结构phonological system音位系统phonological variant音位变体phonology音系学phrasal verb短语动词phrase短语phrase structure短语结构phrasestructuregrammar短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PS rule短语结构规则pidgin皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch音高声调高低place of articulation发音部位play剧本plosion爆破plosive爆破音爆发音plural复数pluralism多元主义plurality复数形式poetic (function)诗学功能poetry诗歌polymorphemic(word)多语素词polysyllabic多音节（词）polystemic analysis多系统分析Portugese葡萄牙语positive transfer正移转possessive所有的属有的possiblegrammar可能语言的语法postalveolar后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer后限定词post-structuralistview后结构主义观点pragmatic inference语用推论pragmatic roles语用角色pragmatics语用学PragueSchool布拉格学派predeterminer前限定词predicate calculus谓语演算predicate logic谓语逻辑predicate谓语predicator谓语（动）词predictive validity预测效度pre-editing预先编辑译前加工prefix前缀pre-modifiedinput预修正的输入premodifier前修饰语preposition介词prepositional calculus介词演算prepositional logic介词逻辑prepositionalopposition介词对立prepositionalphrase介词短语prescriptive规定式presupposition前提预设primarycardinalvowel主要基本元音primary stress主重音第一重音principleofinformativeness信息性原则principleofleasteffort最省力原则principle of quantity数量原则privativeopposition表非对立表缺对立process过程production error产生性错误productivity多产性proficiency test水平测试pro-form代词形式替代形式programming language编程语言progressive进行体progressive assimilation顺同化projection rule投射规则pronominal代词pronoun代词pronunciation发音pronunciation dictionary发音词典pronunciation发音proportionalopposition部分对立proposition命题prose style散文风格prosodicanalysis节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolinguisticapproach心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality心理现实psychological subject心理主语psychology of language语言心理学psychometric-structuralistapproach心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound肺闭塞音Putonghua普通话QQ-basedimplicature基于质量的含义Q-principle质量原则quality质量quality maxim质量准则quantifier数量词quantitative analysis定量分析quantitative paradigm数量变化表quantity maxim数量准则quatrain四行诗Rrange范围rank级rationalism理性主义raw data原始素材R-basedimplicature基于关联的涵义reader读者recall回忆receivedpronunciation,RP标准发音receiver受话者信息接受者recency effect近期效应recognition识别recursion可溯recursive可溯的还原的recursiveness递归性reference所指参照referential meaning所指意义referential theory所指理论referential所指的reflected meaning反映意义reflexive (form)反身形式regional dialect地域方言register语域regressive assimilation逆同化regulatory(function)控制性语言功能relation maxim关系准则relational opposite关系对立relational process关系过程relative clause关系分句关系从句relative pronoun关系代词relative uninterruptibility相对的非间断性relevance theory关联理论reliability信度repetion重复representational system表达系统representational表达实体residue剩余成分restricted language限制性语言retrieval process检索过程retrieval system检索系统retroflex sound卷舌音reverse rhyme反陨revisedextendedstandardtheory,REST修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules重写规则rheme述位rhetorical skill修辞技能rhyme韵韵角压韵rhythm韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter罗马字母root词根root morpheme词根语素round vowel圆元音R-principle关联原则rule system规则系统rule-basedapproaches基于规则的方法rules of language语言规则Ssameness relation相同关系Sanskrit梵文Sapir-WhorfHypothesis萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure索绪尔scale of delicacy精密阶schema图式scheme-orientedlanguage面向图式的语言secondlanguageacquisition第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel次要基本元音semantic feature特征semantic interpretation语义解释semanticinterpretativerules语义解释规则semantic process语义过程semantic representation语义表达semanticsentencepattern,SSP语义句型semantic triangle语义三角semantics语义学semi-consonant半辅音semiotic system符号系统semiotics符号学semi-vowel半元音sense relation意义关系sense意义sentence句子sentence fragments句子成分sentence meaning句义sentence memory句子记忆sentence stress句重音sentence structure句子结构sential calculus句子演算setting场景sibilant咝擦音sign符号signified所指受指signifier能指施指simile明喻simultaneity同时性singular单数situational context情景语境situational level情景层situational syllabus情景教学大纲situational variation情景变异slot空缺social role社会角色social semiotic社会符号学socio-cultural role社会文化角色sociolinguistic study of language语言的社会语言学研究sociolinguisticstudyofsociety社会的社会语言学研究sociolinguistics社会语言学sociological approach社会学方法soft palate软腭solidarity团结sonorant响音sonority scale响音阶sound语音sound image语音图像sound pattern语音模式sound segment音段sound system语音系统sound wave音波speaker’s meaning说话者意义speech言语speech act theory言语行为理论speech event言语事件speech function言语功能speech mode言语方式speech organ言语器官speech perception言语感知speech presentation言语表达speech production ;言语产生speech research言语研究speech role言语角色speech sound语音speech synthesis言语合成spelling拼写,拼法split infinitives分裂的不定式spoken corpus口语语料库spokenlanguagetranslation口语翻译spondee扬扬格spoonerism首音互换斯本内现象spread展元音S-structure表层结构stability稳定性stability reliability稳定性效度Standard English标准英语standard theory标准理论standardization标准化statistical analysis统计分析status地位stem词干stimulus刺激stimulus-response刺激反应stop闭塞音stored knowledge储存知识strategic knowledge学习策略知识stratification层stream of consciousness意识流stress pattern重音模式stress重音structural analysis结构分析structural(structuralist)grammar结构语法structural syllabus结构教学大纲structural test结构测试structuralism结构主义structuralistlinguistics结构主义语言学structuralist view结构主义观点style文体风格stylistic analysis文体分析stylistics文体学subcategorize次范畴subject主语subject-deletion主语省略subjective test主观性测试subjectivity主观性subjunctive mood虚拟语气subordinate construction从属结构subordination从属substitutability替代性substitution替换tacit knowledge默契的知识tagme法位tagmemics法位学tap一次接触音target language目标语言tautology同义反复冗辞template模块tense vowel紧元音tense时态test content测试内容test form测试形式testee受试者testing测试test-retestreliability一测再测信度tetrameter四音步诗行text语篇text encoding语篇编码text interpretation语篇解释text style语篇风格textual organization语篇组织textual语篇功能theme主位theoretical linguistics理论语言学third-personnarrator第三人称叙述者thought presentation思想表达three-place predicate三位谓语tone声调音调tongue height舌高tongue position舌位tongue tip舌尖topic主题trace theory轨迹论traditional grammar传统语法transcribed标音transcription音标标音transfer移转transfer approach移转法transformation转换transformationofinterrogation疑问转换分、transformational grammar转换语法transformational process转换过程transformational rule转换规则transformational-generativegrammar,TG grammar转换生成语法transitivity及物性translation翻译tree diagram树形图trill颤音trochee抑扬格长短格trope转喻隐喻truth condition真值条件truth value真值tu/vous distinction你/您区别turn length话语轮次长度turn quantity话语轮次数量turn-taking依次发言two-place predicate二位谓语two-word utterance二词话语typology类型学UUnaspirated不松气的underlying form底层形式underlying representation底层表达uninterruptibility非中断性universal grammar, UG普遍语法universal quantifier普遍限量词universal普遍现象universality普遍性universalsoflanguage语言的普遍现象unmarked未标记的unrounded vowel非圆元音urban dialectology都市方言学user用户user-friendly方便用户的utterance meaning语句意义utterance语句uvula小舌uvular小舌音Vvalidity效度variable可变化的variable word可变化词variation变异variety变体语体velar软腭音velarization腭音化velum软口盖verb动词verb phrase动词短语verbal process言语过程verbiage言辞vernacularlanguageeducation本地化教育vertical relation选择关系vocabulary词汇vocal cord声带vocal organ发音器官vocal tract声道vocative呼格voice语态voiced consonant浊辅音voiced obstruent浊塞音voiced (sound)浊音voiceless consonant清辅音voiceless obstruent清塞音voiceless (sound)清音voicing浊音化，有声化vowel glide元音音渡vowel元音Wweb page网页Wh-interrogative特殊疑问句women register女性语域word 词word class词类word formation词语形成word group词组word meaning词义word order词序word recognition词语识别word formation词语形成word-for-word逐词翻译wording措辞workingmemorystem工作记忆系统writing文字writing system文字系统written language书面语written text篇章XX-bar TheoryX-bar理论Yyes/no interrogative是非问句yes/no question是非问句Zzero form零形式。