participate or observe sporting activities away from the home range” (Hall, 1992)
▪ “All forms of active and passive involvement
in sporting activity, participated in casually or in an organized way for non-commercial or business/commercial reasons, that necessitate travel away from home and work locality” (Standeven &Deknop, 1999)
▪ Rome (200 B.C —480 A.D.)
• Gladiators 角斗士
▪ Middle Ages and Renaissance (500—
1400 A.D)
▪ Jousting马上枪术比赛
History of Sport + Tourism
▪ 16th –19th Centuries
Sport tourist 体育旅游者
▪ “A temporary visitor staying at least 24
hours in the event area and whose primary purpose is to participate in a sports event with the area being a secondary attractions” (Nowaga et al,1996)
▪ “Holidays involving sporting activity either
as a spectator or a participant” (Weed&Bull,1997)
▪ 体育旅游是以参与或观赏体育活动为目的,
或以体育为内容而产生的一种短暂性的生 活方式,是旅游者在旅游和暂时性停留中所 引起的一切与体育有关的现象和关系的总 和。
▪ Top performance Athletes
▪ Olympics, Professional Leagues,
▪ Serious Leisur源自 Athletes▪ Golf, Snowboarding, Road Racers
▪ Health and Fitness Athletes
▪ Runners, Bikers, Resorts
Sport Tourism
体育旅游
Content 内容
▪ Definitions 定义 ▪ History 发展过程 ▪ Types 类型 ▪ Issues/Trends问题、发展趋势
WHAT IS SPORT TOURISM?
Sport Tourism 体育旅游
▪ “Travel for non-commercial reasons to
▪ “Individuals and/or groups of people who
actively or passively participate in competitive or recreational sport, while travelling to and/or staying in places outside their usual environment”(Gammon & Robinson, 1997)
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF SPORT TOURISM?
Types of Sport Tourism 类型
▪ Participant (Active) 参与型 ▪ Spectator/Observer (Event) 观赏型 ▪ Nostalgia 怀旧型
Participants (Active) 参与型
▪ The European Grand Tour
• Initially involved cultural tourism, but spread to outdoor scenery (skiing in the Swiss Alps) and spectator and participant events (fencing, horse racing, hunting)
▪ Developed in late 19th and early 20th
Centuries
▪ Baseball, American Football, Soccer, Basketball (Team); Skiing, Mountaineering (Individual)
▪ Explosion during 1970s and 1980s
▪ Cable TV, Live Broadcasting, Emergence of Sports Media Icons (Michael Jordan)
▪ Extreme Sports/ Adventure sports
▪ “in things” such as backpacking, hiking, trekking, bridge jumping, bungee jumping
Definitions 定义
▪ Sport Tourism ▪ Sport Tourist
IS SPORT TOURISM A NEW FIELD?
History of Sport + Tourism 发展过程
▪ Ancient (776 B.C.—480 A.D.)
▪ Greece
• Olympic Games(776 B.C)
▪ 19th –20th Centuries
▪ Development of team sport provided spectator opportunities for the masses
▪ Development of mass transportation provided access
History of Modern Sport