非谓语动词作状语全解不定式和分词作状语的用法一、不定式作状语可以作:1. 主要用作目的状语。
常与 in order to do (为了或 so as to do(以便连用。
so as to 不用于居首。
He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。
He sat down to have a rest.他坐下来休息。
He went to France to learn French。
他去法国学习法语。
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。
They stopped to ask the way. 他们停下来问路。
(停下来的目的2.作结果状语。
表示出乎意料的结果。
做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make, to produce 等。
He hurried to the station only to find the train gone. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站,发现火车已经开走了。
He woke up to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. 这男孩个子不够高, 手伸不到书架。
He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
He lived to be a very old man.他活得很长。
In 1935 he left home never to return.1935年,他离开家再没有回来。
The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.这房子又高又窄, 像一座塔。
The room is big enough to hold one hundred people.这房间大得足以容纳一百人。
I hurried to school, only to find the gate is locked.He hurried to the station, only to be told the bus had left. 他匆忙赶到车站 , 结果却被告知汽车已经走了。
3.表示喜怒哀乐的形容词作表语其后的不定式作原因状语。
表示引起这种情绪变化的原因。
I’m sorry not to have come on Tuesday. 很抱歉没有在星期二来。
I am very glad to see you. 见到你我非常高兴。
(to see you 作 glad 的原因状语We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。
(原因二、不定式做状语时应该注意:1. not/never too…to do , too…not to do , but/only too… to do, too ready to do, too eager to do表示肯定意义。
He is too careful not to have noticed that.他那么小心 , 肯定会注意到那一点的。
She is too sad not to help crying. 她那么伤心,忍不住哭了。
I am only too glad to help you.我很高兴能帮助你。
I am only too glad to go.我很高兴能去。
I am only never too glad to know you.认识你我再高兴不过了。
Mary was only too ready to help others,玛丽总是乐于助人 .He is only too ready to help others, seldom, if ever, refusing them when they turn to him. 他很乐意帮助别人,别人向他求助时他从不拒绝别人。
Y ou cannot be too careful when you drive car. 你开车时无论怎么小心都不过分。
2.不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用 for 引导主语。
We studied hard to pass the exam. 不定式做目的状语其逻辑主语是 we 。
Li Ming’s mother went to the lecture hall early for him to get a good seat. 李明的母亲一早就去演讲厅了,为了让他可以得到一个好座位。
三、分词作状语可以作 :1.作时间状语Hearing the noise, I turned round. 听见响声我转过身去。
Having done my shopping, I returned home. 买完东西,我就回家了。
Reading carefully, he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时, 发现了一些从前不知道的东西。
2.表示原因。
往往位于句首,表示发生某一行为的原因。
Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 没有收到答复,他决定再写一遍。
Reading attentively, he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。
Being League members, we are ready to help others. 由于我们是团员,我们乐意帮助别人。
Not knowing his address, I can’t write to him由于不知道他的地址,我无法给他写信。
3.表示条件。
Reading carefully, you'll learn something new. 只要你仔细阅读, 你会学到一些新的东西。
Working hard, you will surely succeed. (=If you work hard, you will surely succeed. 如果你努力工作,你就一定会成功。
Given more time, we could have done it better. (If we had been given more time, we could have done it better.如果给我们时间多一些,我们本来会做得更好。
4.表示伴随或方式。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。
(伴随The boy sat in front of the farm house cutting the branch. 那男孩坐在农舍前,小树枝。
(伴随He came running back to tell me the news. 他跑回来告诉我这个消息。
(方式 5.表示结果。
现在分词作结果状语表示自然的结果。
充当结果状语的现在分词的逻辑主语有时并不是句子的主语,而是句子的内容或部分内容。
A lot of good land has gone with them, leaving only sand. 许多好地也随之消失了, 留下来的只是沙漠。
The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.那孩子滑了一跤, 头撞到了门上。
A hurricane hit this area last night, blowing down a lot of trees.European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. 欧式足球在 80个国家盛行,是世界上最流行的运动。
四、现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
1.现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2.过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
(过去分词和现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语,两者无多大区别。
见下。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些, 它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候, 我们必须设法克服。
∆过去分词和现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语的比较:1.过去分词与现在分词一般被动式都有被动意义,有时两者无多大区别。
例如 :(Being seized with a sudden fear, she gave a scream.在某些情况下,二者则是有区别的。
例如:United, we stand; divided, we fall.(条件Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.(原因 , 强调写的过程 , 故应用现在分词一般被动式2.有时过去分词与现在分词完成被动式皆表示已完成的动作,在意义上无多大区别。
例如:(Having been weakened by storms, the bridge was no longer safe.但有时是有区别的。