What is Translation Studies?
The field of study devoted to describing, analyzing and theorizing the processes, contexts and products of the act for translation as well as the (roles of the ) agents involved. --------Williams&Chesterman,2002.
Dryden and Pope: close reading of the original to note the details of style and manner whilst endeavoring to keep alive the fire of the poem.
18th cen.:Tytler Romanticism, postromanticism, the Victorians, archaizing, 20th Cen.
Bible Translation AD384----17th century: a persecution of bible translators Saint Jerome contentious version of New
testament: AD.384 Wycliffite Bible: The first Complete version Lollards 1380-1384 Dominion by grace Comments: aim at intelligible, idiomatic version William Tyndale’s New Testament from Greek:1525 intended to offer as clear a version as possible to the layman Public burning of his version burned at the stake in 1536 16th century, Renaissance Bible translators: fluidity and intelligibility: Vernacular glosses
（ 林克难）
Other Way of Classification:
George Steiner: 1. Cicero,Horace----1791,Tytler, Essay on the Principles of Translation: immediate empirical focus; 2. ------1946,Publication of Larbaud’s sous L’invocation de Saint Jerome: a vocabulary and methodology of approaching period; 3. 1940s,the first papers on machine translation------today: the introduction of structural linguistics and communication theory into the study of translation; 4. Early 1960s------today:a reversion to hermeneutic, almost metaphysical inquiries into translation and interpretation. ------Steiner(1975/1990), P236
Ezra Pound: Imagist translation-----Precise rendering of details, of individual words, and of single or even fragmented images. Theory of Luminous details Gentzler(2001:15) 门前迟行迹,一一生绿苔。苔深不能扫，落叶秋风早。
other Way of Classification:
Susan Bassnett: 1. History of translation: a component part of literary history; 2. Translation in the TL culture; 3. Translation and linguistics 4. Translation and poetics ------ Bassnett(1980/2004) ,P 1617
R1
R S R S M2 R2
A
Source Language
B
Receptor Language
3.Near-Kernal sentences in English:
back-transformation
E.G. The will of god: god wills
You draggeate now, the moss is grown, the different mosses, Too deep to clear them away!
2. Scientific or linguistic approach: Outdated?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Schools and Their Leading Theorists
1.Empirical Approach
---Bassnett(1980/2004) chapter
II
Equivalence-orientated western translation studies 古罗马时期 Cicero: If I render word for word, the result
The History of Translation Studies
translation studies
empirical (pre-linguistic) (macroscopic) 1957,Chomsky Scientific Studies Syntactic approach (microscopic) Semantic approach (linguistic) Pragmatic approach Cultural turn in 1980s Descriptive studies discourse analysis (macroscopic) Cognitive psychology (post- linguistic) Cultural studies
Jin Ti and Eugene Nida: On Translation 中国对外翻 译出版公司1984. 谭载喜，《奈达论翻译》，《新编奈达论翻译》中国 对外翻译出版公司 马会娟，
1.Difinition
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message------first in terms of meaning, second in terms of style. ------Nida and Taber,1969
Placing Translation in a Historical Framework
---Translation Study: A Brief Survey On western schools
西方翻译流派简述(欧美)
Discussions Preface
翻译研究的市场与学术空间 即将深入的西方译论研究为中国译学建设 提供方法论与研究范式（paradigm）
Horace: ---nor should you try to render your
original word for word like a slavish translator
Saint Jerome had always aimed at translating
sense, not words. Comments: distinction between word for word and sense for sense translation
will sound uncouth,and if compelled by necessity I alter anything in the order or wording, I shall seem to have departed from the function of a translator.
Early Theorists: French Humanist Dolet
Five principles for translators Stress understanding the SL text as a primary requisite
The renaissance:
2.Dynamic equivalence: the introduction of the readers’ Response------a new evaluation mechanism The traditional and new way to judge translations
S
M1
What is Translation Studies?
1972,哥本哈根，文学与翻译论坛 Holmes: Pure Translation Studies theoretical translation studies descriptive translation studies Applied translation Studies 2005, 上外,翻译学博士开始招生 美国翻译研究班