美国侵权法(中英文)Restatement of the Law , Third , Torts by The American Law Institute美国法学会《侵权法第三次重述》Part One: In toduction of Torts 侵权法概述Part Two : Apportionment of Liability ( Rule Sections )第一部分：责任分担Part Three: Products Liability 产品责任Part One: In toduction of Torts 侵权法概述在美国，侵权法主要属于各州的法律范畴，而且主要由判例法组成。
侵权行为可分为故意侵权行为(intentional tort) 、过失侵权行为(negligenee or negligent tort) 和严格责任侵权行为(strict liability tort). 对侵权行为的一般救济方法是对侵权行为所造成的损害予以一定的金钱补偿，在涉及交通事故等领域的侵权赔偿已广范采用了保险赔偿的方式。
Part One: In troductio n 基本概念1. The law of tort is still the source of most civil suits in the Un ited States,with damageclaims for automobile accidents taking first place. Manycircumstances con tribute to this: (a) the plai ntiff in an America n civil suit is ordin arilyentitled to try his claim before a jury which will often--and understandably--rely more on huma n tha n on legal con siderati ons, for in sta nee whe n a child has bee n injured in an automobile accide nt or through a defective product of a largeen terprise; (b) Compe nsati on and damages in clude not only the actual loss but also the intangible damage. A plaintiff can therefore often play on the humanreactionof the jury: for instanee, what is appropriate compensation for a permanent disability such as the loss of a limb? (c) American law permits the participation of the attor ney in the pla in tiff ' s recovery (con ti ngent fee) which not un com monly amounts to 25 to 33 perce nt of the verdict. As a result of all of these factors, a tort actio n m ay be a len gthy proceedi ng, result in large expe nses, for in sta nee through hono raria for experts (which may deter the "small "plai ntiff from suing at all), and may end in the award of a very large verdict. It is no lin ger un com mon that a jury will aware a verdict in excess of $ 100,000. These con diti ons have bee n the touchst one for several reform en deavors which will be discussed in more detail below.在美国，侵权行为法产生的诉讼仍是大多民事诉讼案件的主要来源，其中基于交通事故产生的损害赔偿案件居于首位。
很多因素造成了这一现象：( a)在美国民事诉讼案件中的原告通常利用法律赋予他的诉讼权利主张赔偿，因为陪审团更多的是基于可以理解的人性考虑而非法律考虑，例如当一个孩子在一起交通事故或因购买大公司的瑕疵产品而受到伤害往往能得到陪审团的同情理解。
(b)补偿费和损害赔偿金不仅包括实际的损害而且包括了无形损害。
原告经常可以利用陪审团的人性反应：比如，当永久的失去肢体时怎样才算是一个适当的赔偿金额。
(c)美国法律允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金(胜诉酬金)。
这种酬金达到法院判付赔偿金金额的百分之二十五到百分之三十的情况并非罕见。
由于以上所有因素的存在，在侵权案件中若想获得巨额的赔偿金必将经历一个冗长的审判过程。
这方面的一个例子是在陪审团对一个重大的侵权案件做出裁决后，专家(证人)的酬金可能是“渺小”的原告所获得的损害赔偿金的全部。
陪审团做出一个超过100，000美元的裁决已不再是不可能的，而是极其常见的。
这些因素都将成为若干改革努力的试金石，我们将在下文中更多的讨论其细节。
2. Tort law and the law ofc on tracts ofte n overlap since an injured party freque ntlyhas the choice between a tort claim(for instanee, unauthorized use of property--c on versi on--or pers onal injury)a nd a suit in con tract, for in sta nee,in implied con tract or, in the case of pers onal in juries, for breach of warra nty.Si nee the law of torts permits the recovery of in ta ngible damage(which is usuallynot the case with respect to con tract claims), the pla in tiff will ordin arily choose the tort claim for pers onal in juries whe n the facts so permit.侵权行为法常常与合同法产生竞合，受损害的一方也常常在侵权之诉(例如将未经授权使用的财产转移和因非法占有他人财产所造成的个人损害)和违约之诉中做出选择。
比如，在格式合同及在个人损害赔偿案件中或因为违反保证诺言的案例中。
因为侵权行为法还将赔偿无形损失(而违约责任往往不赔偿无形的损失)，因为侵权行为法如此的规定，在现实生活中原告往往选择它提起个人损害赔偿。
3. Every one is liable for his tortious act, in limited form also childre n (however,pare nts only the n whe n they acted as the child ' s age nt or did not comply withtheir duty to supervise), but not the state uni ess express statutory provisi onhas abolished state immun ity.每个人都要对其侵权行为承担责任，在有限的形式下儿童亦然(但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童之代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责任)，但国家不在此例，除非法律明确规定取消了国家的豁免权。
4. Every one is protected aga inst tortious acts, i ncludi ng the embryo. The heirs or n ext of kin may have a damage claim for the inten ti onal or n eglige nt death of their relative or testator (wron gful death action ).The statutes of some States provide protecti on, and a tort claim, to third parties for injuries aris ing outof the in toxicatio n of the tortfeasor; un der these so-called "dram-shop acts", a party injured as a result of the intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim againsthim who con tributed to the tortfeasor's in toxicati on.每个人包括婴儿都受到侵权法的保护。
继承人或近亲属可以提起损害赔偿之诉，当其被继承人或近亲属被故意或过失导致死亡时(非正常死亡之诉)。
一些州的法律规定，对于第三方的行为使侵权行为人醉酒从而导致受害人受伤的可以提起侵权之诉，这些规定被称为“小酒店法令”，作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的一方有权向那些造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。
5. Fin ally it should be emphasized aga in that the law of torts is, in the main, State Law.最后需要强调的是侵权行为法主要是各州的立法。
Part Two: Inten ti onal Torts 故意侵权The case law contains the usual catalogue of inten ti onal torts. For in sta nee: battery, assault, conversion of property, false imprisonment, trespass to personal and real property. Some torts, for in sta nee, alie nati on of affecti on have bee n abolished by statute in many States. Others, such as defamati on, have rece ntly bee n modified sig nifica ntly through eon stituti onal case law. New torts, unknown to the traditional com mon law, have also been introduced by the case law;particularly importa nt among them are the torts for inv asi on of privacy and for products liability.以往的判例包含了各类故意侵权。