I want a map of Meaning!
logical approach
(1) Meaning (2) of linguistic unit (3) In different perspectives
philosophical approach
Linguistic approach
5.3 Lexical Meaning/relation 5.1 approaches To meaning
Number of printed or written sheets of Paper bound together in a cover
• The linguistic approach is broader in
scope, aiming to study the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible.
Q: What do we mean language is systematic?
Language is rule-governed and there are 2 systems: sound system and meaning system
Understand Macroscopically
sentence
text
以陈述句的形式表达的 判断 的语义 Proposition 命题
由1个或几个已知判断推出 一个新判断的思维形式 推理
实用逻辑学教程
张绵厘编著
• • • • • • • • • •
第一章 第二章 第三章 第四章 第五章 第六章 第七章 第八章 第九章 第十章
绪论 概念的实质、分类及相互关系 明确概念的几种方式 简单判断 复合判断和模态判断 演绎推理 归纳推理 类比推理和假说 形式逻辑的基本规律 逻辑论证
5
Semantics
Teaching Objectives
• Critical Thinking
– Present and Solve Problems
• Understand Macroscopically
– A map of Meaning and meaning study
• Understand Microscopically
What is SEMANTICS?
Semantics: studies meaning in language. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words & sentences in particular.
Traditional Approach to meaning (2): Conceptual theory/Semantic triangle
Conceptual theory/Referential theory: the theory that relates words and things through the mediation of concepts in the mind. One best-known example to illustrate this view is the semiotic triangle (语义三角) of Ogden and Richards: Words→Concepts→Things
Plato & Aristotle, have tended to concentrate on a restricted range of sentences (typically, statements, or ‘propositions’) within a single language. Philosophers study the relation between linguistic expression and what they refer to in the real world and evaluation of the truth value of it.
• “Jill is hungry. She sees an apple and gets Jack • • •
to fetch it for her by speaking to him.” Bloomfield interprets this in terms of stimulus and response with the diagram. linguistic response eventful response S r s R eventful stimulus linguistic stile to illustrate denotative meaning!
Large (usu. tall) long-lasting type of plant, having a thick central wooden stem (the trunk) From which wooden branches grow, usually Bearing leaves
Associative Meaning 联想意义
(1) Conceptual meaning
• Also called ‘denotative’
or ‘cognitive’ meaning.
– Refers to logical, cognitive or denotative content. – Concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. – It is the meaning you get from a dictionary.
Pragmatics
Semantics
5.4 Sentential Meaning/relation
Definition Of meaning
5.2 Types Of meaning
5.5 Ways of meaning analysis
• Logicians and philosophers, like
它是研究概念、判断、推理等思 维形式，指导人们正确进行思维和 准确表达思想的一门科学。 研究对象：思维形式、逻辑规则、 思维规律、逻辑方法等。
• linguistic expressions (signs)
Saussure’s idea
Sound image Concept?
Morpheme (free and bound) lexeme 的逻辑语义 思 维 形 式 Concept 概念
•
Read the following paragraph and make a judgment!
On Watching TV
Watching TV is beneficial for young children. TV program is very rich. They can watch cartoon. They can watch music program. They can watch drama. Of course they can watch football match. So you see TV program enrich their life.
5.1 Different Approaches to Meaning
(1) (2) (3) (4) The Naming Theory: Labels of things The conceptual view: Semantic Triangle Contextualism: Meaning in use Behaviorism: Stimulus-response
Traditional Approach to meaning (1): Naming things
• Naming things
Words are names or labels for things. The meaning of language is the object in the world that it stands for, refers to or denotes.
thought/concept/image
symbolizes
symbol (word)
refers to
referent (object)
stands for
airplane
Traditional Approach to meaning (3): Context theory and behaviorism
• The leading British linguist J.R. Firth is one of •
the representatives of this approach who regards words as acts, events, habits. Another representative is American linguist Bloomfield who argues that the meaning of a linguistic form should be viewed as the situation in which the speaker utters it, and the response which it calls forth in the hearer.
• Who: Geoffrey Leech • When: Semantics: The Study of Meaning