第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68)另如：粗枝大叶to be crude and careless(with big branches and large leaves)海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky)灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious(with red lights and green wine)纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation(with drunken paper and bewitched gold) 单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth(with a solitary spear and a single horse) 赤胆忠心ardent loyalty(with red gut and heart)无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness(to get into every hole)扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated(to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath) 开门见山to come straight to the point(to open the door and see the mountain)大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale(to make a great array of flags and drums)风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable(the wind and rain are rocking)二．翻译下列句子（1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？That’s a business of their own, between husbandand wife. Why should you get involved in?（2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of otherfamilies. You are really well informed.（3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗。
I’m extremely terrified by the news.（4）她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。
She volunteered for the teaching post in thisprimary school.（5）我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。
I dare not show off in the presence of（在……面前）an expert. I hope you would be kind enoughto enlighten（启发，启蒙）us on this matter.（6）敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。
The enemy troops threw the whole village intogreat disorder.（7）敌军军官听说后路已被切断，吓得目瞪口呆。
The enemy officer was stunned by the news thatthe route of retreat had been cut off.（8）这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。
These problems are too complicated to beexplained clearly in a few words.（9）今天下午的球赛，棋逢对手，一定很精彩。
This afternoon’s ball game is sure to be anexciting one, for the two sides are well-matched. （10）他们为敌人效尽犬马之劳。
They worked faithfully in the service of theenemies.（11）真正的朋友应该是雪中送炭。
A real good friend should be one offering timelyhelp.（12）他们和群众血肉相连，休戚与共。
They maintain the closest relations with themasses and share their weal(福利，幸福) andwoe( 悲痛，苦恼).（13）他这几天心里七上八下，老是安静不下来。
His mind was in a turmoil these days and he wasquite unable to think straight.（14）我们要重视沿海与内地的贫富差距问题。
We must pay close attention to (the problem of) the gap between coastal and inland areas.（15）我们必须与腐败和各种不公正现象作斗争。
We must fight against corruption and injustice. （16）你必须提出一些解决方案。
You must work out some solutions.（17）不尝黄连苦，怎知蜂蜜甜。
Who has never tasted bitter knows not what issweet.(Who has never tasted Chinese goldthread which isbitter will never know honey is sweet.)（18）他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
He waited for her arrival, with a frenzied agitation.（19）妈妈非常激动，我感到她的背在颤抖，就在那一刻，我第一次明白妈妈也有脆弱的一面。
In that moment, feeling mother’s back racked with emotion, I understood for the first time her vulnerability.（20）他们的乐观主义精神令我们大为感动。
Their optimism moved us greatly.（21）目前公司的经营状况已经有所好转。
At present, the business in our company isturning for the better.（22）我明白许多家庭今天都意识到他们家中少了人.I knew that many families today were consciousof absences.（23）我知道我会碰到严寒酷暑。
I knew I would encounter extremes of weather.（24）只要你嫁给我，鸡鸭鱼肉，绫罗绸缎，一辈子享受不尽。
If you are willing to marry me, you will enjoy theluxuries all your life.（25）我们都来自五湖四海。
We are from all corners of the country.第二节名词的具体译法具体译法是指在翻译过程中把原文中抽象或比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者句子来进行翻译，从而消除或降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产生与原文同样的效果。
具体译法的长处在于：可以利用译文的优势，与原文展开竞赛，以非常生动具体的形象语言来表达原文中原本比较抽象的概念，使得读者能欣赏到活生生的语言。
二．翻译下列句子（1）他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。
He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.（2）他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量倒很大，真是一个无用而又累赘的的东西。
His newly employed servant woman wasextremely lazy and ate a lot, no more than a whiteelephant.（3）我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉，这还是未到手的东西。
I’m not sure whether I can win the honour; it’s abird in the bush. （A bird in the hand is worth twoin the bush. 一鸟在手胜过两鸟在林。
）（4）不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。
Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.The real difficulties still lay ahead.（5）我们决不能姑息坏人。
We should never warm snakes in our bosoms.（6）至于那些苹果，我们就对半分吧。
As for the apples, let’s go fifty-fifty with them.（7）他们的见解非常相似。
Their ideas run in the same groove(沟，槽).（8）我知道你现在是进退两难。
I know you are holding a wolf by the ears.（9）他这个人只管自己的事。
He is a man who hoes（n. v. 锄，锄头）his ownpotatoes.（10）你真是说话不看对象。
You are really casting pearls before swine.（11）空谈不如实践。
The proof of the pudding is in the eating.（12）他出身在富贵之家。
He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译第一节翻译中的选义翻译包括理解和表达两个过程。
要做好翻译，首先要对原文进行正确的理解。
但汉语和英语中都有很普遍的一词多义现象，却给理解和表达都带来了很大的困难。
二．根据语境选择合适的词义语义与语境关系密切。
同样的一个词，在不同的上下文里，就可能产生不同的意思。
英国语言学家Firth曾经说过：Each word is a new word in a new context(每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新词)。
所以说，“多义词数量很多，但我们在语言的实际运用中，除少数歧义句外，却极少见到词的多义现象。