低头 lowered head
Ws Cult'=defeat/uncertainty Asian Cul'=accept hierarchy社会等级/ =intent listening专注听 A lowered head in Western culture can signify defeat or uncertainty. In Asian culture lowering one’s head may represent accepting one’s place in the hierarchy等级, but it also may be an indication of intent listening.
长发年轻女甩发，拂发：toss hair&flick hair
=implies courting/flirting
A
young woman wearing long hair down to her shoulders usually has a habitual action: suddenly tossing her hair over to her back, together with one hand flicking(拂一下) the hair. If she is a single girl and on some occasion, it implies courting求偶，讨 好 or flirting调情，卖弄风骚.

Nonverbal communication
2. Functions功能 of Nonverbal Communication １） Repeating重复 ２）Complementing补充 ３）Substituting替代 ４）Regulating调节、校正 ５）Contradicting反驳

Nonverbal communication
Arm
Arm
movements 手臂动作
movements take up space and thus enlarge the size of the speaker. A speaker who uses big arm movements can =threaten the listener and appear more powerful. In most cultures men tend to use larger gestures than women do. 频率frequence: man>woman
Nonverbal communication
2. Nonverbal communication is communication through means other than language— for example, facial expression, personal space, eye contact, use of time, and conversational silence.
Nonverbal communication

3. Behaviors and means of nonverbal communication. 1) Kinesics: Our body language举止神态 2) Head Movements头部移动 3) Arm movements 手臂运动 4) Hand gestures手势
Nonverbal communication


(3) Behaviors and means of nonverbal communication. 1) Kinesics: Our body language身体语言包括 The term kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movements, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication. Certain kinds of body movements are physiological生 理的, such as yawning stretching, and relaxing. Other kinesics patterns—staring, walking slumped over, raising a clenched fist, showing a victory sign—are personally and culturally conditioned.
双拳压台、边讲边有节奏敲台

When a businessman from the United States wants to emphasize a point in a discussion, he may pound his fist on the table and underline his statements with intermittent drumming of the table.

Nonverbal communication

When
angry, disappointed, bored or anxious, one from E-S countries 东方国家 = toss his head/ accompanied with smacks(咂嘴声) （Chinese will gnash咬牙切齿 /grit 磨牙their teeth.）
Nonverbal communication

The way we fold our arms, the direction of our body orientation (toward or away from the other person), the direction and manner of our eye contact, and our manner of walking and sitting in the presence of others are significant kinesics behaviors that differ culturally. Other people can quickly decide if we are angry or pleased with them, if they are members of our culture and share our nonverbal code.身体语言的方向和礼貌说tion

同一种身体语言会因各种文化而异 But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. Even nodding the head may have a different meaning. To Nepalese, Sri Lankan, some Indians and some Eskimos it means not“yes”, but“no”. So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements, that accompany a particular language.
Nonverbal communication
1)
Definition: 1. Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli促 进因素、刺激 in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.
Nonverbal communication
When
greeting an acquaintance, E-S countries = tossed his head once （扬 一下头）or just nod his head, but tossing the head is more friendly, amiable(随和 )and equal(平等). An Englishman = tosses his head slightly as the greeting to his acquaintance or just raises his brows(眉).
Nonverbal communication
nod to express understanding&approval, affirm&continue A speaker may nod her head to affirm what she is saying and emphasize the verbal message. The listener may nod to signal understanding and approval. Nodding can be signal that the listener understands and that the speaker can continue with the discussion.
Nonverbal communication