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Memory
▪ Memory as Information Processing ▪ similar to a computer ▪ write to file (encoding) ▪ save to disk (storage) ▪ read from disk (retrieval)
▪ Retrieval
▪ process of getting information out of memory
Memory
▪ Sensory Memory
▪ the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
▪ Memory
▪ persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
You remembered what you learned in the last class, this is memory. Memory is very important for us With out memory, we can not know our parents, friends and so on. Our life will be terrible.
▪ Working Memory
▪ focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Memory
▪ Short-Term Memory
▪ activated memory that holds a few items briefly
▪ encoding of meaning ▪ including meaning of words
Encoding
▪ Effortful Processing
▪ requires attention and conscious effort
Encoding
▪ Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
▪ TUV ZOF GEK WAV ▪ the more times practiced on Day 1,
Encoding
Retrieving
Encoding: Getting Information In
Effortful
Encoding Automatic
Encoding
▪ Automatic Processing ▪ unconscious encoding of incidental information ▪ space ▪ time
▪ look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
▪ Long-Term Memory
▪ the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Memory
▪ Encoding ▪ the processing of information into the memory system ▪ i.e., extr▪ Storage
▪ the retention of encoded information over time
A Simplified Memory Model
Sensory input
Attention to important or novel information
External events
Sensory memory
Encoding
Short-term
Long-term
memory
memory
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Position of word in list
Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list
What Do We Encode?
▪ Semantic Encoding
relearn
list on
day 2
15
10
5
08
16
24
32
42
53
64
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
Encoding: Serial Position Effect
Percent 90 age of 80 words recalled 70
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Alzheimer's disease
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the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
▪ Spacing Effect
▪ distributed practice yields better longterm retention than massed practice
Encoding
Time in
minutes 20 taken to
Chapter 3 MENTAL PROCESS
Liping Jia
Two questions
What did you learn in the class before this class? If you win 5 million lottery, how do you feel?
Memory