词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
⑤borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词五、Classification of Words词的分类①Basic WordsThe basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点：➢ 1. All national character 全民性(indispensable to all the people who speak the language). ➢ 2. Stability 稳定性（relatively stable or unchanged）➢ 3. Productivity 多产性（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes )➢ 4. Polysemy 多义性➢ 5. Collocability 搭配性②Non-basic WordsNon-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。
①Content Words/Full words/National words：They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义②Functional words/Empty words/Form words：They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系①Native Words：Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.②Borrowed Words：loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It includes Denizens 同化词Aliens非同化词Translation loans 译借词Semantic loans 借义词Chapter 2一、The Indo-European Language Family印欧语系(1)The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East,and India.印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。
(2)The classification of Indo-European language family :①The Eastern Set②The Western Set（Germanic）二、Three phases of the Vocabulary Development词汇发展三阶段(1)Old English(450-1150)特点：➢It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 词汇量小➢It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian.拉丁/斯堪的纳维亚外来词少➢It is a highly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.)完整词尾(2)Middle English(1150-1500)特点：➢It has a comparatively large vocabulary;词汇量相对较大➢It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin;吸收大量发育和拉丁词汇➢Word endings become leveled.词尾扁平(3)Modern English(1500 up to the present)特点：➢it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 巨大且多样的词汇➢It has tremendous borrowings; 许多外来词➢It has words with lost endings. 词尾消失三、General Characteristic一般特征(1)Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity接受性、适应性、异质性(2)Simplicity of inflection简洁性、屈折性(3)Relatively fixed word-order相对固定的语序四、Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary英语词汇中的外来成分(1)主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语(2)次要外来成分：意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语五、Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary当代英语词汇的发展Modes of Vocabulary Development发展方式：➢Creation 创词Semantic change 旧词新义Borrowing 借词Chapter 3一、Morphemes词素(1)词素的定义：It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.语素是最小的有意义的单位。
它是语言中最小的构词单位。
(2)词素的特点：①All the morphemes have their own meanings, but they cannot be further divided, otherwise they will not make any sense.所有的词素都有自己的意义；它们不能再细分了，否则将会没有任何意义。
②Morphemes may have some variants. 词素可能会有一些变。
e.g. - ation. May also be -tion, -sion,-ion, but they belong to the same suffix because they have the same meaning and grammatical function.二、Morphs and Allomorphs形素和词素变体(1)形素的定义：The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’.体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。
(2)形素与词素的关系：Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.词素是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。
(3)词素变体：An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。
总结：语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。
morpheme又可称为形位、语素等。
词素是抽象的，它是通过形素morph表现出来的。
词素还有变体形式，在语言学中称为词素变体allomorph。
三、Classifying Morphemes词素分类(1)in terms of their capacity of occurring alone 根据能否独立出现分类Free vs. bound morphemes 自由词素/粘着词素➢Free morphemes(自由词素)：Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.自由词素是能独立运用的词素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。