“ Tell them I have had a wonderful life.”
1、Transition of the Later Wittgenstein
1.2 Critique of Tractatus
• World and language • Meaning and use
• philosophy
2、Language-games
• “Not: "without language we could not communicate with one another"—but for sure: without language we cannot influence other people in such-and-such ways; cannot build roads and machines,etc. . And also: without the use of speech and writing people could not communicate.” (PI 491)
• Others
2、Language-games
2.1 background theory of language-games 2.1.1 form of life
• “Here the term "language-game" is meant to bring into prominence the fact that the speaking of language is part of an activity, or of a form of life.” (PI 23)
2、Language-games
2.3.2 There are countless kinds of use of what we call “symbols”,”words”,”sentences”.
• “But how many kinds of sentence are there? Say as sertion,question, and command?—There are countless kinds: countless different kinds of use of what we call "symbols", "words", "sentences". And this multiplicity is not something fixed, given once for all; but new types of language, new language-games, as we may say, come into existence, and others become obsolete and get forgotten.” (PI 23)
The Later Wittgenstein
Language-games and Private Language Weither
Framework
What are we going to talk about?
• Transition of the Later Wittgenstein
• Language-games
2、Language-games
2.3 Features
2.3.1 There’s no essence for language-game as human activity
• “'A proposition is a queer thing!' Here we have in germ the subliming of our whole account of logic. The tendency to assume a pure intermediary between the propositional signs and the facts. Or even to try to purify, to sublime, the signs themselves.—For our forms of expression prevent us in all sorts of ways from seeing that nothing out of the ordinary is involved, by sending us in pursuit of chimeras.” (PI 94)
2、Language-games
• In summary Wittgenstein uses the term “language games” to mean:
•
language is made up of various “games” which have their own rules the “speaking” of language is part of an act or part of form of life. To understand the meaning of words one not only needs to know the conventional usage of them but also to pay attention to their pragmatic use.
Language-games theory is based on “form of life”.
2、Language-games
2.1.2 meaning and use
•
“For a large class of cases—though not for all—in which we employ the word "meaning" it can be defined thus: the meaning of a word is its use in the language.” (PI 43)
“Meaning is use” gives way to an emphasis on the diversity of uses.
2、Language-games
2.2 what language-game is?
• “In the practice of the use of language (2) one party calls out the words, the other acts on them. In instruction in the language the following process will occur: the learner names the objects; that is,he utters the word when the teacher points to the stone.—And there will be this still simpler exercise: the pupil repeats the words after the teacher——both of these being processes resembling language.” • “And the processes of naming the stones and of repeating words after someone might also be called language-games. Think of much of the use of words in games like ring-a-ring-a-roses.” • “I shall also call the whole, consisting of language and the actions into which it is woven, the "language-game".” (PI 7)
2、Language-games
• “Review the multiplicity of language-games in the following examples, and in others:
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Giving orders, and obeying them— Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurementsConstructing an object from a description (a drawing)— Reporting an event— Speculating about an event— Forming and testing a hypothesis— Presenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagrams— Making up a story; and reading it— Play-acting— Singing catches— Guessing riddles— Making a joke; telling it— Solving a problem in practical arithmetic— Translating from one language into another— Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, praying.” (PI 23)
1、Transition of the Later Wittgenstein
1.3 Similarities
• He is focus on how to express thoughts
• Philosophy is understood as a kind of activity • Way to deal with Philosophical problems