LM bright field micrograph of Nosema trichoplusiae from the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Spores were fixed in methanol and stained in aqueous Giemsa. (J. V. Maddox)
LM bright micrograph of Nosema muscidifuracis in an infected cell of the hymenopteran parasitoid of the fly, Muscidifurax raptor. The cytoplasm contains sporoblasts, immature spores, and mature spores. Fixed in methanol and stained in aqueous Giemsa. (J. J. Becnel)
二、昆虫病原原生动物的种类 及生物学特性
有毛根足门 真孢子虫门 奇嵌孢虫门 纤毛虫门 微孢子虫门
Sarcomastigophora有毛根足 Sarcomastigophora有毛根足 门
细胞含一细胞核 有性生殖为配子生殖 运动胞器是鞭毛或伪足或两者皆有
Apicomplexa 真孢子虫门
生活史一定阶段存在顶复合器结 构，并在某些阶段存在微孔 无纤毛 全部寄生
Sporogonic Cycle
TEM of the moniliform sporogonial plasmodium of Endoreticulatus fidelis from Leptinotarsa decemlineata (马铃薯 马铃薯 叶甲). 叶甲 (J. J. Becnel)
Light microscope interference contrast micrograph of a Vairimorpha species from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Uninucleate octospores. Note the presence of an interfacial envelope and that some packets contain fewer than 8 spores. (J. V. Maddox)
LM interference contrast micrograph of environmental spores of a Caudospora sp.(尾孢虫 属) from a black fly larva (Prosimulium sp. 原蚋 Fresh 原蚋). preparation, unstained. (J. V. Maddox)
Microspora 微孢子虫门
孢子单细胞，壁无孔，含有单核 或双核的孢质及简单或复杂的射 出器，射出器有极管 极帽 极管或极帽 极管 极帽，无 线粒体 全部寄生
1.外膜 2.中层膜 3.内膜 4.内质膜 5.具二核 6.后极泡 7.极锚 8.极体 9.极丝 10.极孔
Diagrammatic illustration of a cut away view through a microsporidian spore. Modified from Vavra, J. 1976. Structure of the Microsporidia. In L. A. Bulla and T. C. Cheng (Eds.), Comparative Pathobiology, Plenum Press, New York, 1:1-85 and from I. V. Issi (1986f parasitic protozoa, Acad. Sci. USSR “Protozoology” (Leningrad) 10:6-136. Abbreviations as above but including PB = posterior body, N = nucleus, VPL = Vesicular part of the polaroplast. (T. G. Andreadis)
LM interference contrast micrograph of the uninucleate, pyriform spore of Edhazardia aedis in an India ink preparation demonstrating the mucoca-lyx surrounding the spore. (J. J. Becnel)
Merogonic Cycle
TEM of a diplokaryotic meront of Amblyospora connecticus from the mosquito Aedes cantator. (T. G. Andreadis)
TEM of Vairimorpha necatrix from the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. Meront in midgut epithelial cell, 24 hours post infection. This meront could be uninucleate or binucleate, depending on the plane of the section. (J. V. Maddox)
LM phase contrast micrograph of Nosema lymantriae primary spores in the midgut epithelium. Fresh preparation, no stain. Primary spores are responsible for transmitting the infection from one cell to another. Fresh preparation, unstained. (L. F. Solter)
SEM of a germinated spore of Nosema algerae. (J. J. Becnel)
SEM of meiospores of the microsporidium Parathelohania legeri from larvae of the mosquito Anopheles maculipennis (五斑按蚊 (J. J. 五斑按蚊). 五斑按蚊 Becnel)
Light microscope interference contrast micrograph of environmental spores of a Nosema species from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Fresh preparation, unstained. (J. V. Maddox)
Ascetospora 奇嵌孢虫门
孢子多细胞或单细胞，内含1个或 多个孢质，无极囊或极丝 主要为水生无脊椎动物的寄生虫
纤毛虫门 Ciliophora
生活史一定阶段至少有纤毛或复合纤毛 器，即使无纤毛时也存在表膜下纤毛系 统，两型核 无性生殖为横向二分裂，也有出芽和复 分裂，有性生殖为接合生殖、自体受精 和细胞受精 通常有伸缩泡 异养，大多数自由生活
LM bright field micrograph of Nosema bambycis in the silkworm Bombyx mori (家蚕 Binary fission of a meront in B. mori tissue 家蚕). 家蚕 culture. Giemsa stain. (R. Ishihara)
LM bright field micrograph of Nosema trichoplusiae from the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Spores were fixed in methanol and stained in aqueous Giemsa. (J. V. Maddox)
生活史
4. 病症：在自然情况下可引起慢性病，患 病症：在自然情况下可引起慢性病， 病寄主极少表现出明显的病症， 病寄主极少表现出明显的病症，仅表现 出行动迟缓、食欲缺乏， 出行动迟缓、食欲缺乏，生长发育不正 在感病过程中， 常。在感病过程中，寄主未发育成熟即 死亡。有些种类则能引起细菌败血症， 死亡。有些种类则能引起细菌败血症， 导致寄主快速死亡。 导致寄主快速死亡。
第五节 原生动物杀虫剂
主要内容
一、昆虫病原原生动物的特性 二、昆虫病原原生动物的种类 三、昆虫微孢子虫及其应用
一、昆虫病原原生动物的特性
原生动物是一类体型最小、构造最简单的动物。 原生动物是一类体型最小、构造最简单的动物。 一般为单细胞，需用显微镜才能看到。 一般为单细胞，需用显微镜才能看到。它的细 胞结构与高等动物细胞基本相同，具有细胞膜、 胞结构与高等动物细胞基本相同，具有细胞膜、 细胞质和一个或数个细胞核，它们是单细胞生 细胞质和一个或数个细胞核，它们是单细胞生 没有器官分化，然而它们在运动摄食、 物，没有器官分化，然而它们在运动摄食、繁 殖和排泄等方面却有与多细胞动物几乎同样的 生理机能。 生理机能。 原生动物的营养方式有三种：植物性营养、 原生动物的营养方式有三种：植物性营养、动 腐生性营养。 物性营养和腐生性营养 物性营养和腐生性营养。
LM phase contrast micrograph of Thelohania (泰罗汉孢虫属) solenopsae from Solenopsis invicta. Both octospores and free spores are present. (J. J. Becnel)
Light microscope phase contrast micrograph of spores of Ovavesicula popillae from the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica. (T. G. Andreadis)