为了鲜明、形象地刻划某一事物，人们常将 具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物加以对比， 用另一种事物比方所要说明的事物。此种对 比就称为明喻。明喻由三部分组成。即：1、 本体（描述的对象），2、喻体（用作比喻的 事物）和3、喻词（联接本体和喻体）。明喻 的格式常有：A像B。A代表所要说的，B代表 另外的东西，中间是as, like, than, as if, as though等一类的词。例如，My heart is like a singing bird... My heart is like an apple-tree. Whose boughs are bent with thick-set fruit.) 明喻，本体、喻体都出现，用喻词“像、如”。
b). What, is the old King dead?—As nail in door. （死得直挺挺的）就如板上钉钉子。 c). He sleeps like a log (top) and works like a beaver (horse). 他睡得香，干得欢。
B)、直译并更换形象 a). as drunk as a mouse 烂醉如泥 b). as hard as nails 铁石心肠 c). as white as ashes 面色如土 d). like a duck to water 如鱼得水
4. Factors
1. Geographical factors (地理环境因素）
(1). 过五关，斩六将 weather the storm (2). 了如指掌 know the ropes (3). 狗拿耗子—多管闲事 have an oar in every one’s boat (把桨放进每个人的船中） (4). 疾风知劲草 A good sailor is not known until the sea is rough and water deep.
辞格与翻译 Rhetoric and Translation
英汉比喻的翻译 Translation of Figures of Speech in English and Chinese
1. Definition
2. Features 3. Classification 4. Factors 5. Methods
3). Metonymy (转喻/换喻)—is such a figure as doesn’t express a similarity of one thing to another in some respects but expresses an association between the thing spoken of and the thing meant—the mention of one suggests the other. 转喻/借代不同于一般的比喻，它并不表示甲 乙两事物在某点上的相似或类同而是表示甲、 乙两事物在某点上的联系。即提到甲事物就 会使人想到乙事物，这构成了事物之间的借 代/转喻关系。也就是用一事物代替另一有重 要联系的事物。
3. Classification (分类） 1). Simile—a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing, and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as, like, as if, as though, etc. A simile is made up of three parts, namely: 1. the tenor (the thing described), 2. the vehicle (the thing compared to), and 3. words such as ―as‖, ―like‖, ―than‖, ―as if‖ , ―as though‖ used to show the relationships of comparison. E. g . as white as snow, as cold as ice.
(2). 栋梁、台柱、主心骨 the salt (the salt of the earth=社会中坚) be worth the salt （称职） (3). 吉人天相、吉祥如意 touch wood （摸木头） (4). 谋事在人，成事在天。 Man proposes, God disposes. (5). 月老 (The Moon Lord)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้雅典娜（Athena)
1. Definition （定义）
1). 比喻就是「打比方」，也叫譬喻，是根据事物之间 的相似点（思想的对象同另外的事物有了类似点）， 把某一事物比作另一事物（用另外的事物来比拟这 思想的对象，即用某一个事物或情境来比另一个事 物或情境），把抽象的事物变得具体，把深奥的道 理变得浅显。 2).比喻是认知的一种基本方式，通过把一种事物看成 另一种事物而认识了它。也就是说找到甲事物和乙 事物的共同点，发现甲事物暗含在乙事物身上不为 人所熟知的特征，而对甲事物有一个不同于往常的 重新的认识。(乔纳森· 卡勒 )
B. Free Translation (意译)
a). I read his mind like a book. 我对他的心思了如指掌。 b). He is as sharp as a needle. 他十分精明。 c). She has been as cross as two sticks since she got the sack. 她被解雇后，脾气变得很坏。
4). 历史背景 （historical background) (1). 败走麦城 meet one’s Waterloo (2). 木已成舟 The die is cast. (3). 破釜沉舟 burn the boats
5. Methods (翻译方法）
1). English Similes and Metaphors into Chinese (1). English Similes （英语明喻） A. Literal Translation （直译） A)、保留形象 a). He sat like puppet on a monument, smiling at grief. (Shakespeare: The Twelfth Night, Act Two） 他坐在纪念碑上，像个木偶人，对悲哀一笑 置之。
2. Features
1). 本体和喻体必须是本质不同的两类事物; (The tenor—the thing described and the vehicle –the thing compared to are objects of different categories) 2). 本体和喻体必须具备相似点。 (There is resemblance between the tenor and the vehicle)
A)、the container for the thing contained: The kettle is boiling=The water in the kettle is boiling. Please drink a cup or two=a cup of tea/wine. B). the instrument for the agent: The pen is stronger than the sword. Give every man thine ears, but few thy voice. C). the sign for the thing signified: Grey hair should be respected. His pen sways over half of the world. D). others: He has a ready tongue.=He is fluent and quick to answer questions. ) He is a reader of Chaucer.
2). Metaphor—a way of making comparison
between two unlike elements; but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated without the use of such words as like, as, as though, as if. E.g. The world is a stage. 根据两个事物间的某种共同的特征，把一个 事物的名称用在另一个事物身上，说话人不直 接点明，而靠读者自己去意会的比喻，称为隐 喻。隐喻与明喻都是通过对比两个不同事物的 共同特征来说明事物，但隐喻没有指明它们的 共同点，而是用一个具有形象意义的词来直接 称谓。隐喻中喻体与本体之间没有as, like, as if, as though等词。He is a mule. She is a cat. 暗喻，又称隐喻。本体、喻体都出现，用喻 词“是、变成、等于”等。
3). Figure of speech—(simile or metaphor, etc) expression that gives variety or force, using words out of their literal meaning. (俗称打比方，意指用某些有类似点的事物比拟想要 说的某一事物，以便表达得更加生动鲜明)。 比喻，就是打比方，在描写事物或说明道理时，用 同它有相似点的本质不同的别的事物或道理来打比 方。 比喻包括三个组成部分： 本体—所要说明的事物； 喻体—用来作比的事物； 喻词—联系本体和喻体的词语。
(5). 牛饮 drink like a fish (6). 一条绳子上的蚱蜢 in the same boat 2). Customs and Habits (习俗）