Unit7QuoteHistories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.—Francis Bacon历史使人睿智，诗歌使人智慧，数学使人细致，自然哲学使人深邃，道德使人严肃;逻辑与修辞使人善辩。
读史使人明智,读诗使人聪慧,演算使人精密,哲理使人深刻,伦理学使人有修养,逻辑修辞使人善辩。
史鉴使人明智；诗歌使人巧慧；数学使人精细；博物使人深沉；伦理之学使人庄重；逻辑与修辞使人善辩。
4. Questions about the text---What issues does the writer of the letter intend to deal with---What is the main idea·----What’s the author’s purpose of writing---How is the text arrangedWhat issues does the writer of the letter intend to deal with---- How should students regard grades, both good and bad Are grades as important as they are assumed to be Do good grades necessarily lead to achievements and bad grades result in failure in a student’s later lifeWhat is the text mainly abouttext is mainly about grades , disappointment and attitudes towards them by considering exactly what the grade B means and doesn’t mean.What’s the author’s purpose of writing~----to tell his student that he should view his grades and his disappointment correctly.What type of writing is this essay-----argumentation.Apart from the first paragraph, the rest of the text falls clearly into three parts, each of which is marked at the beginning by a key word or words. Try to find these key words.----Paragraphs 2–5:Disappointment-----Paragraphs 6-8:The student as performer; the student as human being.。
-----Paragraphs 9-10:PerspectivePart 1 （paragraph 1）Understanding the paragraph:1) What does this part mainly talk about2) What change about grades has the author mentioned briefly3)What, according to the author, has caused the feeling of disappointment4) Has the author stated his purpose of writing in this paragraph If yes, what is it If not, where is it stated in the text[Main idea of this part:It introduces the topic of the letter: grade B for the course and the feeling of disappointment.What change about grades has the author mentioned briefly----The author has mentioned briefly the change in the way grades are regarded, . the norm has shifted upward.What, according to the author, has caused the feeling of disappointment-----It has to do with the general social climate where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special programs. This is why the author says there is nothing he can do to remove the feeling of disappointment.Has the author stated his purpose of writing in this paragraph If yes, what is it If not, where is it stated in the text$----- The purpose of writing the letter is not stated in this paragraph. It is not specifically mentioned until the third paragraph.I’m certain that nothing I can say will remove that feeling of disappointment, particularly in a climate where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special program. (Paragraph 1)Translation:我肯定无论我说什么都不会消除你的沮丧心情，特别是在我们生活的环境中，考试分数直接决定你是否有资格读研究生和申请一些特别的学习项目。
norm n.1) an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with. You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in.2) the norm = a situation or type of behavior that is expected and considered to be typical|. One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. 常态Derivation:normal a.; normally ad.normalize v. ; normalization n.； norm n.normal a.normality n.normalize v.过了几天，洪水才退，生活恢复了正常。
It was several days before the floodwater sank and life returned to normal. 我们的关系正常了。
Our relationship has been normalized.… shift vt.& vi.1) to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly （使）移动，（使）转移2) to change a situation, discussion etc by giving special attention to one idea or subject instead of to a previous one 转移〔注意力等〕3）to change opinions 转变；改变〔意见、信仰等〕. She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other.她不安地把重心从一只脚转移到另一只脚。
标准，规范正常的，正规的 n.正常；标准；常态常态 使正常，使标准化The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow."The White House hopes to shift the media’s attention away fromforeign policy issues.白宫希望把媒体的注意力从外交政策问题上转移开。
Public opinion was beginning to shift to the right(= become more right-wing ) 公众舆论开始右倾。
Derivation:shift n./shiftless a. lazy and having no interest in working hard or trying tosucceed懒惰的，不求上进的，得过且过的N. 1) if workers in a factory, hospital etc work shifts, they work for a particular period of time during the day or night, and are then replaced by others, so that there are always people working〔工厂、医院等轮班制中的〕当班时间I work shifts. 我轮班工作。