• /
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• Killing during the course of a felony such as robbery.
• 在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人
• Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim, or a bystander, or a police officer.
SECTION 187-199 ：Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought.
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Malice
• Express malice——明示恶意 • Implied malice——暗示恶意
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Excusable homicide
• A person accidentally and without gross negligence causes the death of another individual.
没有严重过失
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Criminal homicide——有罪杀人
Lesson Seven
Criminal Law
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法律英语
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• It is better to fight for justice than to rail at the ill.
Alfreds Tennyson, British writer
• 与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。
英国作家 丁尼生 A
voluntary involuntary
Prison term: 1-14 years
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(a) Voluntary manslaughter 自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人
• An intentional killing upon “great provocation” and in the heat of “passion ”
• 在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个 强盗的同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也 属于有恶意。
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每个参与者都有恶意
The dangerousness of the robbery itself
Act as an agent for the others in accomplishing their objective
Express malice vs. Implied malice
Push another off the side of a mountain
Fire a rifle at a moving passenger train
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Penalty for murder
• Death • 死刑 • Prison terms extending to “life” • 终身监禁 • Prison to a special number of years • 一定nts to a criminal homicide when it done without lawful justification or excuse.
murder
恶意杀人 谋杀
manslaughter
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非恶意杀人 非预谋杀人
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The elements of the crimes of murder
A deliberate intention to take
away the life of a fellow creature 故意剥夺他人生命
No considerable provocation 没有出现相当程度的挑衅
An abandoned and malignant heart
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冷酷邪恶202的1/4/心1
In the “heat of passion”
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Be treated less harshly than murder
• Frailties of the human nature – 人类的脆弱性
• Instinctive reaction – 本能的反应
• Be discouraged by criminal sanction – 通过刑事处分加以阻拦
adequate provocation. /def2/m012.htm
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• Heat of passion may be provoked by fear, rage, anger or terror.
• Provocation, in order to be adequate, must be such as might naturally cause a reasonable person in the passion of the moment to lose self-control and act on impulse and without reflection.
• /def2/m012.htm
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A classic example
• A killing of paramour or of the spouse, or both
The provocation was great
manslaughter
巨大挑衅
激情之下
故意杀人
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Voluntary manslaughter
• the person killed another person; • the person acted in the heat of passion; • and heat of passion was caused by
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Malice
• Malice may also be attributed to a robber whose partner in the crime intentionally kills someone during the commission of the crime or the attempted escape.
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(a) Felony – murder 重罪恶意谋杀
• Felony – murder ：a murder that occurs while the accused is in the act of committing another felony, such as armed robbery. Felony murder carries a heavier sentence than plain murder.
• /model-penalcode.htm
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刑法的三个主要问题
• Crime—felony; misdemeanor • Punishment – guidelines for
sentencing (量刑指南) • Criminal liability
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• In such paramour killing cases the conviction rate is quite low.
• 在杀死情敌的案例中，定罪率很低
• Concocted explanation of self-defense • 编造的有关自卫的解释
• Acquittal by reason of “the unwritten law”
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Death penalty 死刑
• 在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到 只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处 罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机 关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无 致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。
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(b) Degrees of murder 恶意杀人罪的等级
• Varying penalties for murder
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Background
• Model Penal Code
• Model Penal Code was created by a group of law professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a comprehensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Penal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It has, however, been the model for many state criminal codes and has been very influential on state and local legislators.
Capital punishment
DEATH PENALTY
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Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护
Ronald Reagan
John Hinc7kley
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TEXT Homicide
• Not all homicides are criminal. • Justifiable homicide
• 手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者 或警察
• A dangerous crime as robbery satisfies the requirement of malice