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第一章
翻译原则简介
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1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation） ．翻译的定义和内涵： ）
Translation is an art/ science/craft?
翻译课程不仅仅要讲翻译实践， 而且还因该讲翻译历史与翻译理论， 这三者的关系应该是平等互动的关 系，不能偏废。翻译史是对翻译理 论和翻译实践的线性总结，翻译理 论是在不同的历史时期对翻译实践 的总结归纳和升华，而翻译实践则 是翻译理论和翻译历史的基础。没 有翻译实践，无论翻译理论还是翻 译历史都无从谈起。 ——林克难
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第一章
翻译原则简介
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“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”; “Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”---- Nida For instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪 / 但没有见过 雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”，以达到功能对等的 目的。 Spring up like mushrooms---雨后春笋 Everybody's business is nobody's business. 三个和尚无水喝 Among the blind the one -eyed man is king. 山中无老虎，猴子 称霸王 #
第一章
翻译原则简介
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3．中国翻译史上的论争 ． 鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。 目的： 引入英文句式的表达法 梁 实 秋 、赵 景深 ：宁顺 而不信 ---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。
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4．直译与意译 ．
第一章
翻译原则简介
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直译不等于死译(dead translation): 街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。 Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. “In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”. 她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law. 意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple 句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish 直译：小鱼不吃大鱼；意译：胳膊拧不过大腿 试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福 直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight. 意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable 有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；还 有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。实际上，忠实与 通顺的关系是辩证关系。
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第一章
翻译原则简介
Classification of Translation In terms of languages • Intralingual Translation语内翻译 • Interlingual Translation语际翻译 • Intersemiotic Translation符际翻译 In terms of mode • oral interpretation • written translation • machine translation
严复：信达雅—faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating. 傅 雷 ： 神 似 —spiritual conformity/, Resemblance in Spirit, Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original. 强调原作神韵再现。 钱钟书：化境—Transmigration(1964). Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader. 刘重德：信、达、切—faithfulness / expressiveness / closeness. #
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第一章
翻译原则简介
In terms of disposal (处理方式 处理方式) 处理方式 • 1. full-text translation （全文翻译) • 2. abridged /adapted translation （摘译/辑译)
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第一章
翻译原则简介
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2 ． 中 国 几 位 翻 译 家 的 理 论 （ influential translation principles） ）
翻译理论的学习：“细读原作，理清 “细读原作， 脉络，联系实际， 于思索。 脉络，联系实际，勤（善）于思索。” ——林克难（天津外国语大学）
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第一章
翻译原则简介
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直译：literal translation；意译：free translation 直译的例子： crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪；armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿； chain reaction 连锁反应；gentlemen’s agreement 君子协定 one country, two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎；Breath one’s last 断气；go to one’s external rest 安息；the long sleep 长 眠；see Marx 见马克思；go west 上西天；go to heaven 上天堂； kick the bucket 蹬腿：You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket #
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第一章
翻译原则简介
In terms of materials to be translated
• translation of materials for science and technology • translation of literary works such as novels ,stories, prose , poetry ,drama etc. • translation of materials in political field such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches etc. • translation of practical writings such as official documents, contracts and agreement, notices, receipts, etc.
A COURSE OF CHINESECHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION Introduction: definitions and principles
Chapter One
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第一章 翻译原则简介
一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译原则和翻 译研究的问题 二、教学过程：
1. 翻译的定义和内涵 2. 中国几位翻译家的理论 3. 中国翻译史上的论争 4. 直译与意译 5. 归化与异化 6. 段落翻译练习
译 经 验 科 学 中 西 合 璧 —— 林 克 难 史 译 论 译 作 并 重
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第一章
翻译原则简介
Definitions of Translation
• Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e. , the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.(by Professor Liu Zhongde) • Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL) (By Huang Long 黄 龙 from the aspect of comparative linguistics)