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对承租人使用金康94’合同的一些修改建议

金康租约(Gencon,正式名为:Uniform General Charter)是由BIMCO(The Baltic and Inter national Maritime Council)最早于1922年推出的,其后在1976年和1994年经过BIMCO文件委员会的两次修改,目前最新的版本是金康94’(Gencon 94’)。与BIMCO近年来去追求货主认同接受,尽量拟定较公道,双方利益兼顾的标准合同的政策相异,金康94’是打明招牌要去维护船东利益,另外由于金康租约适用于任何航次,任何货物,根本没有相关代表货方利益的商会与其磋商,而完全成为BIMCO这个船东组织在没有限制的条件下制定的,这样使得金康94’格式比以往的金康租约更全面的,更完整的一面倒为船东利益着想。而在目前的航次租船市场上,金康租约越来越常见,在亚洲更是如此,有一些货主甚至错误地认为金康就是程租,程租就是金康。如果承租人直接使用金康94’格式,并且不作任何修改的话,对其是十分不利的。所以,货主如果使用金康94’作为运输合同的话,就一定要修改原有合同,并加入附加条款,以求对自己的利益做出保障。本文就将对承租人在使用金康94’格式中应对租约做出的合理修改提出一些意见。

1. 总述性描述(It is agreed between….)

金康94’的第一条总述性描述,包括确定船舶的描述,承租人,出租人,航次,装卸港等,在对船舶描述时,条文只确定了船名,总吨位与净吨位,货物载重量。当承租人只运输一般件杂货时,这三点描述似乎已经够了,而当承租人要付运的是棉花等轻泡货,散粮等食物,冰鲜鱼等冷藏货或者装卸港对船舶的船长、船高、吃水有特殊要求的等,只靠这三点描述就不够了。针对这一点,承租人应当在该条款中根据付运的货物与装卸港的具体情况作一些修改。如果对于轻泡货,承租人可以在船舶描述后加上“of about XX cubic feet bale capacity”,而当容积对该票付运货物是十分重要的因素时,货主可以考虑将上述的描述由保证条款(w arranty)变为条件条款(condition),使出租人在违反该条款时,承租人不仅可以去索赔损失,而且可以中断租约。具体的措辞可以是:“It is the essence of this charter party that the sai d vessel has about XX cubic feet bale capacity。”其他方面的描述也可以用类似的语句,最重要是讲清楚该条款是“going to the root of this contract”或者是“this is the essence of this contract”。为了明确还可以写明“The charters shall have the option of canceling this Charter Party if the Ow ner fails to provide the said vessel that….”。让承租人认为合同中有对其至关重要的条款时也可以采用上述的修改方法,将其变成条件条款。

随后的条款中,金康94’“as soon as her prior commitments have been completed”的规定使得该租约与出租人所订立的前一租约联系起来,前租约承租人造成的时间损失同时也可能会使该租约的承租人损失,比如承租人当时找不到替代船,赶不上买卖合同的装运期使其在买卖合

同中毁约。所以承租人可以将该句话删除,断开该租约与前一租约的关系。接着,条款规定了货物的装卸地点。该条款有较大争议的是不安全港口或地点。在装卸港不是列明港口的情况下,大多数不安全港口或地点的责任都是在承租人。而实践操作中,承租人可能只是一个较懂贸易的商人,对于装卸港的安全与否可能不具有相关方面的知识,出租人可能较承租人更加了解此方面内容。而对于装卸港的意外情况对出租人造成的损失,承租人可能会面对出租人的巨额索赔。为了避免该责任,承租人可以加上“The Owner are fully responsible for the s afety of such port or berth under this Charter Party”。金康94’中,为了显示其对船东的保障,在订立装卸港时,还加入了避免船东绝对要去列明或指定装卸港的邻近条款(“so near there to as ….”),该条款让船东在变更卸港时甚至可以不问理由,但这轻易地变更装卸港却会让承租人蒙受巨大的损失。为此,承租人可在该条款后加上“unless the port (s) or place(s) stated i n the Box(10) is unsafe.”,以减少出租人利用该条款取巧的机会。

2.出租人责任条款(Owners' Responsibility Clause)

这条款可谓是金康94’之中最能体现BIMCO对船东利益的保护,不但其中的免责条款只是针对出租人,而不是常见的双方共同免责(mutual exceptions clause),而且在语言的使用上十分广泛且严密:说明出租人只有在因不当或疏忽堆放货物或因出租人本人或经理本人的行为或错误引起以及没有亲自克尽职责的情况下才会对货物的损坏、缺少及延误交货负责。这些规定是出租人的职责降到了最低,比如:船员疏忽导致船舶不适航,在海牙规则(the Hagu e Rule)下,船东会因为没有做到“绝对适航”而要对损失负责,但是在金康94’,船东是免责的,只有船东本人或其经理人有错导致的不适航才对货损货差负责。所以承租人为了加强出租人的责任,必须要对这一条款做出修改,比较常见的修改方法是:将第2条整一部分删除,然后并入一条首要条款(Clause Paramount),首要条款可以使用海牙规则、海牙-维斯比规则,甚至是汉堡规则,这些规则对承运人的责任都有必较严格的规定。这样,就可以大大加强出租人的责任,保障自己。

3.绕航条款(Deviation Clause)

该条对船东绕航的规定虽然看似十分广泛但由于已有多个先例:Glynn v. Margetson(1983) A.

C. 351;The “Macedon”(1955) 1 Lloyd’s Rep.459的出现,使其对出租人的保障并不大。如果承租人将第2条出租人责任条款删除并且并入了首要条款,则可将该条款同样地删除,因为首要条款关于对绕航的规定更加明确,而不需要用先例来解释该条款。

4.运费条款(Payment of Freight)

在该条款针对到付运费的(C)段,说明承租人有在船开卸前宣告以卸货量来计算运费的选择权,这似乎是对承租人的一种保障,但实际上,承租人很可能由于该条款的制定而吃亏。这种选择权是开卸前就要行使的,如果没有行使则会按提单或装载数量来算运费,特别是在承租人得知该航次半途产生了货损货差的时候。为了保障承租人,其可将该选择权做一些修改:“…paid freight as per agreement per ton net weight cargo delivered…. or at Charterers’ optio n , declearable before breaking bulk….per ton net Bill of Lading weight less One per cent (1%)….”这样的修改,使承租人如果没有行使该选择权,其丧失的只是付99%运费的权利,而按卸货重量计算运费。当承租人知道该航次会有较大货差的时候,其只要保持沉默就可以了。而行使该选择权,付的运费也只是提单记载重量计算运费的99%。

另外,在程租合同中,合同并不像期组(NYPE93’)合同一样,承租人由于可以预见的损失,可以扣下给出租人的运费/租金。当承租人在程租合约中面对的是二船东或一家信誉不好的船公司,如果将运费全部付给出租人,在向出租人对货损货差进行索赔,很可能不成功,出租人收到运费后便一走了之。为了防止上述情况的发生,承租人可在运费条款中加入“Any a mount of freight due under this charter party , the Charterers shall have the right to deduct and/o

r with hold from it any amount due(including liquidated or unliquidate claims reasonably and hone stly made) to the ship owners.”这样,承租人就可以在合理,诚实估计的基础上扣减运费。

5.装卸货物条款(Loading/Discharging)

该条款(a)段规定了承租人应该负责货物的装卸的工作,并且所有的风险、责任、花费都要算在承租人的头上,这条对承租人是很不公平的。因为承租人对装卸货可能并不了解,而对于货物的积载对船舶的稳性影响更会是一无所知。所以第一句话可以改为将花费算在承租人的帐上,而船长要监督承租人的装卸工作,并且责任要出租人负责。该法可以参考NYPE9 3’的相关条款:“the Charterers shall perform all cargo handling, including but not limited to loadi ng, stowing, trimming, lashing, securing, dunnaging, unlashing, discharging, and tallying, at thei

r risk and expense, under the supervision of the Master and responsibility.”

该条款的(a)段中,对承租人比较危险还有对于垫舱物料的规定。金康94’中规定承租人负

责弄走垫舱料,而且装卸时间或滞期时间照算,直到承租人弄掉垫舱料为止。而如果当时承租人找不到装卸工人,或是岸上规定不准弃置垫舱物料的话,承租人可能就要为此承担风险。所以,承租人可以在(a)段最后加上:“The Charterers shall have the option of remaining dun nage on board and paying ….. USD to the Owners.”使其以支付一笔金额给出租人,代替弄走垫舱物料的绝对责任。

而对于其后的(c)段,承租人也可以作类似的修改,使承租人在船有损坏的状态下还船时,可不必修理,而是支付一笔未修理费用(estimated unrepaired damage)给船东。

6.装卸时间条款(Laytime)

该条款是整个金康94’在实践中争议最多的条款,不仅是因为该条款对船东保护较多,还因为在实践中,该条款变化很多。

在保护船方利益的金康94’下,并没有中断装卸时间的免责条款。这会带来装卸时间的延误,只要不是出租人有错,或者是出租人为了自己的利益,装卸时间就要一直算下去。而承租人可以做的,就是加入一条广泛免责条款,比如Stemmor租约格式下的第5条款:“The lost a t any time by reason of all or any of the following causes shall not be computed in the loading or d ischarge time or as demurrage viz :War , Rebellion , Tumults , Civil Commotions , Insurrection

s , Political Disturbances , Epidemics , Quarantine , Riots , Strikes , Lock-outs , Stoppage of Miner s , Workmen , Lightermen , Tugboatmen , or other hands essential to the Working , Carriage , Deli very , Shipment or Discharge of the said cargo whether partial or general , or Accidents at the min es , at Receiver’s Works or wharf , Landslips , Floods , Frost on Rivers , Canals or on Railways , o r any other causes beyond control of Charterers.”加入这类广泛免责条款的好处也是显而易见的:港口拥挤、承租人违约等情况下的时间损失一般都可转移给出租人,即停止计算装卸时间,而一条广泛免责条款还可以去明示可中断滞期时间。

针对装卸时间的起算,金康94’只给了很短的通知时间(Notice Time),如在中午12点递交通知,装卸时间在下午1点即开始计算。而在租约大多数都长于这时间的情况下,承租人大可以修改此条款,延长通知时间。比如,可以使用Stemmor租约格式的写法:“Time for l oading to count from 8 a.m., on next working day after the Ship is reported and ready, and in fre

e pratique and written notice tendered and accepted (whether in berth or not), and for discharging

f rom 8 a.m., on next workin

g day after the Ship is reported and in every respect ready, and in free p ratique and written notice tendered and accepted (whether in bert

h or not). Steamer to be reporte

d during official hours only.”这样可使承租人有充分时间作装卸准备。

金康94’装卸时间条款的最后部分规定了当检查之后发现船舶并未备妥,已经起算的装卸时间应当停止,直到船舶备妥为止。这对承租人是显失公平的,比如:出租人在船舶实际上并未备妥的情况下就递交NOR,而此时正逢港口拥挤,船舶只能在港口外的锚地待泊,而此时出租人却不用去备妥船舶,因为装卸时间已经起算,其只需要到港后清洁备妥即可。对承租人更危险的是,如果在锚地待泊的时间过长,有可能在锚地装卸时间即已用完而使其进入滞期。如果这样,到港后检查不合格,出租人也不必去迅速清洁备妥。因为,清洁备妥的时间只会中断装卸时间,而滞期时间却是连续不断地计算下去的,出租日在这段时间可以边收着滞期费,边慢慢清洁船舱。如果当时航运市场不景气的话,承租人可就惨了。所以这一条承租人也是一定要修改的,而改法可以参照Norgrain的有关条款:“If the vessel is prevented f rom entering the … port(s) the time spent waiting … shall count against laytime … If after enterin g the loading port, the vessel fails to pass inspections … and requires more the four hours SHIN

C to pass such inspections from the time of initial failure to pass, the time spent waiting outsid

e … shall not count …; but i

f said vessel passes inspections within said four hours, any delay in co mmencin

g loading directly attributable to its failure to pass initial inspection shall not count as lay time or time on demurrage.”

7.滞期费条款(Demurrage)

这条款是保证出租人可以按时收取滞期费,当出租人没有按时收到滞期费的情况下有撤船的权利。而如果出租人撤船,则会造成承租人在买卖合同下的履约困难。所以,如果承租人有这方面的顾虑,在滞期费支付方面,可以改为:“In any case demurrage to be paid by Chartere rs to Owners within 1 week after presentation of statement of Facts and Time Sheet of each voyag e…”使出租人只有在航次完结,有事实记录表与装卸时间表后才能向承租人索赔滞期费。

8.留置条款(Lien Clause)

该条款去掉了金康76’中的终止责任条款,而在1976年格式下,出租人有义务去为卸港滞期费留置货物,否则时候不能向承租人索赔。同时,金康94’下留置条款针对的不再是传统的运费、滞期费、亏舱费等,而且包括了“claims for damages and all other amounts due under t his charter party including costs of recovering the same.”这样的规定会使收货人在由于装港产生不安全泊位或装卸工人疏忽导致的船舶损坏,不付清修理费用,出租人就可以一直留置货物。相反,1976年格式的金康租约则制定得较为公正,承租人可以将该留置条款用在金康9 4’上:“Owners shall have a lien on the cargo for freight, deadfreight, demurrage and damages fo r detention. Charterers shall remain responsible for dead-freight and demurrage(including damage

s for detention), incurred at port of loading, Charterers shall also remain responsible for freight an

d demurrage(damages for detention), incurred at port of discharging, but only to such extent as th

e Owners have been unable to obtain payment thereo

f by exercisin

g the lien on the cargo.”

9.解除合同条款(Cancelling Clause)

该条款规定了出租人在规定的受载期限内未能提供船舶的,承租人有权解除合同。在该条款中,唯一值得注意的地方使承租人只有48小时行使询问条款中的选择权。这往往太短,如果中间隔一个周六,周日承租人不工作,解除合同的日期甚至会在承租人不知情的状态下延长。所以承租人应将该“反应时间”加长,比如改为“four working days”。

10.签发提单条款(Bills of Lading)

该条款对出租人的保障显示在:规定租约下的提单只能使用Congenbill,而且出租人对提单持有人的索赔可向承租人要求补偿。承租人可将此条款改为类似NYPE93’第30条款的说法:“The Master shall sign the bills of lading or waybills for cargo as presented … However, the Chart erers may sign bills of lading or waybills on behalf of the Master, with the Owner’s prior written a uthority, ….”,是承租人可使用各种提单配合其在买卖合同下的规定。

11.其它条款

11条以后的条款都是一些标准条款,如互有责任碰撞条款(Both-to-Blame Collision Clause),共同海损与新杰逊条款(General Average and New Jason Clause),罢工条款(General Strik e Clause),战争条款(War Risks ("Voywar 1993"))等,并不像前面那些条款一样明显的保护出租人,但如果承租人细心的话,仍可找出一些对船东有利的方面,如共同海损条款中说明姐妹船救助成功,承租人也要付救助报酬。承租人就可以做出相反的规定;又如代理人条款(Agency)中承租人修改为由承租人指定各港口的代理等。但由于这些条款在时间中很少使用,所以本文不再详述。

总之,合同不是法律,只要在不违反法律的前提下,会同双方可以自由订立合同条款。即使是打明招牌要保护出租人利益的金康94’租约,承租人也可以将其修改得面目全非,变得对自己有利。而在谈判过程中,承租人也不应该只目光短浅地盯着运费率不放,认为那才是合同的本质。当合同的履行出现问题时,一份没有修改过的保护出租人利益的金康94’租约,很可能让承租人付出甚至比原有运费还要多的代价,比如巨额的滞期费索赔。

在修改条款的时候,承租人可以遵循以下的原则:首要条款超越一般条款;手写条款超越印刷条款;附加条款超越格式条款。承租人可以利用这些规则修改条款,比如合同中本来有一条十分有利于出租人的条款,承租人就可以在最后加入相反的附加条款超越原有条款,而出租人可能只会注意到合同的印刷条款。

所以,希望承租人以金康94’作为合同范本时,化被动为主动,每一条款有要争取做到对自己有利,真正地将金康94’合同用好。

金康合同(AS REVISED 1922, 1976 and 1994)中英文对照

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编号:_______________本资料为word版本,可以直接编辑和打印,感谢您的下载 (合同范本)金康合同第十七条条款的中英对照 翻译 甲方:___________________ 乙方:___________________ 日期:___________________

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金康合同中英对照

1. Shipbroker 船舶经纪人 2. Place and date 签约日期和地点 3. Own ers/Place of bus in ess (Cl. 1) 船东/营业地(第一条) 4. Charterers/Place of busi ness (Cl. 1) 租船人/营业地(第一条) 5. Vessel's name (Cl. 1) 船名(第一条) 6. GT/NT (Cl. 1) 总吨/净吨(第一条) 7. DWT all told on summer load line in metric tons (abt.) (Cl. 1) 按夏季载重线确定的全部载重公吨数(大约)(第1条) 8. Prese nt positio n (Cl. 1) 船舶动态(第一条) 9. Expected ready to load (abt.) (Cl. 1) 预计作好装货准备的日期(大约) (第1条) 10. Loadi ng port or place (Cl. 1) 装货港或者装货地点(第一条) 11. Discharg ing port or place (Cl. 1) 卸货港或者卸货地点(第一条)

12. Cargo (also state qua ntity and margin in Own ers' opti on, if agreed; if full and complete cargo not agreed state "part cargo") (Cl. 1) 货物(同时载明数量和约定的所有人可选择的围,如未约定满舱满载货 物,载明“部分货物”)(第1条) 13. Freight rate (also state whether freight prepaid or payable on delivery) (Cl. 4) 运费率(同时载明运费预付还是到付)(第4条) 14. Freight payme nt (state curre ncy and method of payme nt; also ben eficiary and bank accou nt) (Cl. 4) 运费的支付(载明货币名称与支付式,以及受益人和银行帐号)(第4条) 15. State if vessel's cargo han dli ng gear shall not be used (Cl. 5) 载明是否不使用船上的货物装卸设备(第5条) 16. Laytime (if separate laytime for load. and disch. is agreed, fill in a) and b). If total laytime for load. and disch., fill in c) only) (Cl. 6) 装卸时间(如约定装货和卸货的各自的时间,填入a)和b);如按装货和卸货的合计时间 ,仅填入c))(第6条) a) Laytime for loadi ng 装货时间 b) Laytime for discharg ing 卸货时间 c) Total laytime for load ing and discharg ing 装货和卸货的合计时间

(合同范本)金康合同第十七条条款的中英对照翻译

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金康合同中英文版

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租船合同缩写

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金康合同下租船人利益的保护-最新年文档

金康合同下租船人利益的保护 在国际航运市场不断扩大的情况下,以航次租船的形式进行海运的运输方式也得到了很大的发展,航次租船已在租船市场上占据大约40%的份额。特别是在亚洲市场,短航次仍以航次租船为主。【1】因此我们应当对航次租船合同的标准格式金康合同进行深入的了解。 1 金康合同概述 航次租船合同(voyage charter party,voyage C/P),是指船舶出租人向承租人提供约定的船舶或者船舶的部分舱位,装运约定的货物,从一港运至另一港,由承租人支付运费的协议。【2】航次租船合同的标准格式是"统一杂货租船合同"(UNIFORM CHARTER PARTY)也也即金康合同。自1922年金康合同由波罗的海国际航运公会制定并推行以来,即为航运界普遍接受,一直是件杂货和各类干散货航次租船合同使用最多的标准合同格式。并且经过两次修改,该标准合同中增加了一些选择性条款和实质性条款,如租船人的解约权条款以及船东的解约权,使得1994年金康标准租船合同格式成为航次租船领域最具权威的租船合同 格式。 2 租船人在洽谈租约时金康合同中的不利条款 2.1 预付运费将不利于租船人的利益保护 GENCON第4条b项规定:"运费预付,如按第13栏规定运

费应预付,则运费视为已挣得,无论船舶/货物是否灭失,不得返还。除非运费已支付给船东,否则船东或其代理无需签发运费预付提单。"该条款规定如果依据13栏规定运费应预付时,那么租船人应支付预付运费,那么该运费不会退还给租船人,而不论船货是否遭受损害或灭失。而此时,如果货物在未交付给收货人就遭到损害或灭失(例如船舶在运输过程中与他船发生碰撞,或承租人在交付运费后发现船舶不适航,不适货),而这些货损可能是由于船东的过错所造成的,对于该货损由租船人承担风险明显是不公平的。在这种情形下,虽然承租人可以以违约起诉船东,但是其预付的运费却不会退还给承租人。并且在诉讼中,承租人也会投入很多的人力、财力,精力来解决诉讼问题。这对承租人来说是非常不利的。 2.2 装卸时间条款缺少对租船人的保护 根据习惯做法,航次租船合同中的时间损失一般是由船东承担的。因此,除了在装卸港内的装卸时间由租船人承担,其他的时间损失由船东承担。因此,在履行航次租船合同时,完成航次的时间就变得很重要。如果承租人在装卸港口的装卸时间过长,船舶在港时间就会很长,船东就将遭受巨大的损失。因此,在航次租船合同下,船东就会想方设法缩短船舶在装卸港的时间,提高船舶经济效益。在航次租船合同中往往对承租人用来装卸货物的时间加以限制,这就是所谓装卸时间的规定(GENCON第六款)。一般认为,谁花费的时间,就要由谁负担成本。但1994年金康

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合同英文(完整版)

合同英文 合同英文 第一篇: 合同英文this ontrat is made in to originals that should be held b eah part. 此合同一式二份,由双方各持一正本。hat is left unmentioned in ontrat ma be added there as an appendix. 本合同未尽事宜,可由双方增补作为合同附件。 the ontrat is ritten in quadrupliate hih shall bee valid on the date of signature. 本合同一式四份(正副本各两份)自签署后生效 this ontrat is exeuted in to ounterparts eah in hinese and english, eah of hih shall be deemed equall authenti. this ontrat is in 2 opies effetive sine being signedsealed b both parties. 本合同为中英文两种文本,两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签字(盖章)之日起生效。 this ontrat is made b and beteen the buers and sellers,hereb the buers agree to bu and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. modities aording to the terms and onditions stipulated belo. 本合同由买卖双方签订,根据本合同条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售以下产品。

GENCON 金康合同

金康合同范本的修订及评价 金康(Gencon)合同范本是目前杂货航次租船合同中使用最广泛的一种,最常见的是1976年修订本,1991年,波罗的海国际航运公会(BIMCO)文件委员会开始着手对该格式修订和补充,新的金康合同范本于1994年11月颁布,修订主要有以下三个内容: 1.对于一些过时的条款进行了必要的删节和补充,使原来一些容易产生歧义的语句变得清晰、准确; 2.增加了一些附加条款,使新的合同范本变得更加完备; 3.增加了一些选择(任意)性条款,更易于合同双方根据实际情况灵活使用。修订内容部分条款简介如下。 第一条前言 1.改总/净登记吨(GRT/NPT)为总/净吨(GT/NT),以符合1969年国际船舶吨位丈量公约的要求。 2.在该条第二款中关于预备航次的叙述由原来的“The said vessel shall proceed to the loading port or place…”,变为“The said ve-ssel shall,as soon as her prior commitment have been completed,pro-ceed to the lo ading port or place…”意在强调出租人只有在上一航次(即“Prior commitment”)完成后才有尽快开始预备航次的义务,以避免实践中经常出现的由于上一航次的影响(包括恶劣天气、承租人责任等出租人可以免责的情况),出租人不能及时开始预备航次而引起违约,但出租人这时却不能援引上一航次的免责事项来对抗本航次的承租人,从而引起承租人解约或索赔的情况。而按照金康’94合同范本只要求出租人在开始预备航次和装货准备就绪方面不存在不合理延误,即使船舶未按时抵达装货港也不必承担违约责任。有关解约的规定详见第九条。 第二条出租人责任 该条约的修改要格外引起承租人的注意,它删去了金康’76范本第二条中的“the imporer or negligent stowage of the goods(unless stowagepeformed by shippers/Charterers of their stevedores or serveants) or”一句。因为金康’94合同范本按照第五条(详见下文)的要求已仅适用于FIO条款,极大地减轻了出租人的责任,使其只对由本人(不包括其雇佣人员、代理及独立合同人)过失造成的不适航负责。 第四条运费支付 该条是金康’94合同范本相对金康’76合同范本最显然的变化之一。首先指出除非承租人事先声明,运费按装货数量计算,且预付的运费是不归还的,无论后来合同的履行是否受阻,或是否出现货损货差。 第五条装卸 删去了原格式中有关班轮条款(Gross Terms)的规定,并就FIO条款分三款作了详细规定。1.费用/风险该款与原合同范本相比格式基本相同,只是增加了承租人要负责绑扎货物和如经请求,须提供全部垫舱物料的规定。这主要是为了适应今天海运货物种类繁多,出租人不可能掌握每种货物的运输要求增加的。2.货物装卸设备是说除非当地明文禁止外,出租人应保持装卸设备状态良好,允

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