英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words）
一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words）
1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词
基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what
l Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。
例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：
l Herein：in this。此中，于此。
例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。
l Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连用。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。
l Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。
例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。
l Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that. 其它的。Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices a nd products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto. “特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。
l Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而
例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。
l Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。
例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period o two years thereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。
l Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect.在那里；在那点上；在那方面。例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。
l Therewith：with that.以此；此外。
例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。
l Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc. 凭此协议，凭此条款等。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and BB Company (hereinafter referred to as Party B) whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本协议由AA公司（以下简称甲方）和BB公司（以下简称乙方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。（本句中省略未译）
2．WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All Men by these presents，In witness Whereof, In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned. WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore用于英文合同前言部分，In witness Whereof用于合同结尾证明部分，在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。
l In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此为证，特立此证。
例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____ (date) accepted on _____ (date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受该文件，特此为证。
l NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 兹特立约为据, 本句话也是用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。
例句：NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：
l KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根据本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）
例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”) in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，（银行名称），其注册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对本银行及其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。
l Undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,前面加定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称。
例句：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。
3．Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite. 即使，尽管。
例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is
not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing. 尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。4．As
合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：
l As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。
例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。
例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof. 基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。
l 另有Except as otherwise provided结构，表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。
例句：Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。
l As构成as the case may be（视具体情况而定），as the case may require（视具体要求而定）和as the Venturers may determine等短语。
例句：The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。
l As构成as of the date of ____ (date)短语是英语合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表达。
例句：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written. 合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效，特此为证。
l As还用在as soon as practical短语中，意义用法相当于as soon as possible.
例句：During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter. 本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。
As与such连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不在赘述。
5. foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in question
l Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。
例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。
例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in ____________. Both language versions are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。
l In question; under consideration; being talk about.通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某件事
或某个问题，可译为“这”或“该”问题。
例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。
6. follows, as below, the following
这一族都表示“下列”，一般放在动词后，而the following作为“下列”在英文合同中用的较少。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。
NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows;
为此，双方达成契约，约定如下：
NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.
为此，双方约定如下：
Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows:
兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：
7. according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with
这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最为常见。
例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。
又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。
再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。
8. Including but not limited to与including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation
英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。
例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。
9. prior to, no later than, on or before，on and after
prior to, on or before，no later than, on or after常用在英文合同中限定日期，prior to表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no(not) later than,表示“不迟于”，On and after表示“从某日起”。
例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20. 自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.
我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。
例如：Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December.本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。例如：10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。
此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。
例如：This credit expires till January1 (inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or: This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为till and not including January 1。
10．Without prejudice to
Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。
例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。
11．Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on account of，considering, in consideration of
这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因为”，其中due to，owing to，because of较不正式，很少使用。
国际商务合同古体词详解
Part I: Adverbs in Law Documents
1 Hereby
Hereby: by means of; by reason of this
特此，因此，兹等意，常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。
例1
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between __________ Co. ( hereinafter referred to as Party A ) and __________ Co. ( hereinafter referred to as Party B ) on ________ ( Date ), in ________ ( Place ), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.
Chinese version for reference:
本合同双方，_________公司（以下称甲方）与_________公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于____ 年____ 月_____ 日在中国_______ （地点），特签订本合同。
例2
The Parties to this Contract, in the spirit of friendly cooperation, hereby signed and concluded this Contract in accordance with the following terms and conditions:
Chinese version for reference:
双方本着友好合作的精神，特签订本合同，其条件如下：
例3
The Housing Administration Department of Beijing Diplomatic Personnel Service Company (hereinafter to be referred to as Party A) and ______ (hereinafter to be referred to as Party B) hereby entered into and concluded this Lease Contract as follows:
Chinese version for reference:
北京市外交人员服务公司房屋管理处（以下称甲方）与______ （以下称乙方）订立租赁合同如下：
2 Hereof
Hereof: of this 关于此点，在本文件中。
例1
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organizations as are engaged in foreign trade dealings. Notes:
1) foreign trade dealers 外贸经营者
2) legal entities 法人
Chinese version for reference:
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例 2
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.
Chinese version for reference:
仲裁员因回避或者其他原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。例3
The Attachments to this Contract shall be deemed a part hereof and shall be effective as any other provision hereof.
Notes:
1) The Attachments to this Contract 本合同的附件
2) shall be deemed a part hereof 应被视为本合同的一部分
3) any other provisions hereof 其他条款
Chinese version for reference:
本合同的附件应被视为本合同的一部分，与其他条款有同样效力。
3 Hereto
Hereto: to this至此，对此。
例1
This Contract shall be in duplicate, to be held by each of the Parties hereto and shall have two copies kept by each of the Parties hereto for the record.
Chinese version for reference:
本合同一式两份，合同双方各执一份，并各保留两份复印件，供双方存档。
例2
The scope of Works of this Contract shall be specified in such Drawings and bills of Quantities as are attached hereto.
Notes:
1) The scope of Works工程范围
2) Bills of Quantities 工程量表
Chinese version for reference:
本合同工程范围应按所附的图纸及工程量表中规定的范围。
例3
In the event that there shall be newly increased items of Work, the Parties hereto shall enter into an agreement for the unit price of such items.
Notes:
1) In the event that 如果
2) newly increased items of Work新增加工程
3) the unit price of such items该项新增工程的单价
Chinese version for reference:
如果需新增加工程，双方应另行协定该项新增工程的单价。
4 Herein
Herein: in this 此中，于此。
例1
The term “company” mentioned herein refers to a limited liability company or a company limited by shares established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.
Notes:
1) herein: in this Law在本法中
2) this Law: Company Law of the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国公司法
3) a company liability company 有限责任公司
4) a company limited by shares股份有限公司
Chinese version for reference:
本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。
例2
The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamb er of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract).
Chinese version for reference:
除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。
例3
The procedures contained herein shall be followed by the concerned agenci es of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), responsible for the implementation of the Bank-supported projects. Notes:
1) The procedures contained herein: 本文件中规定的程序
2) the concerned agencies: 有关机构
3）the implementation of the Bank-supported projects执行世界银行贷款项目
the Bank: the World Bank
Chinese version for reference:
执行世界银行贷款项目的中华人民共和国各有关机构，均遵循本文所规定的程序。
5 Hereinafter
Hereinafter: later in the same Contract以下，在下文。一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复。
例1
In accordance with the Law of t he People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between ___________ Co. ( hereinafter referred to as Party A) and ___________ CO. ( hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.
Notes:
1) Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures: 中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法
2) articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）
Chinese version for reference:
根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由___________公司（以下称甲方）与___________公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。
例2
When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”) apply to reorgan ize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.
Notes:
1）Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures : 中外合资经营企业
2) Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures：中外合作经营企业
3）foreign-owned enterprises：外资企业
Chinese version for reference:
已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下简称外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利记录。
例3
The following words and expressions in the Contract (as hereinafter defined)1 shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them, except where the Contract otherwise requires2.
Notes:
1）except where the Contract otherwise requires: 除根据合同另有要求者外
Chinese version for reference:
以下合同（如下文定义）1中的用语和用词，除根据合同另有要求者外2，应具有下述所赋予它们的涵义。3
6 Therein
Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect. 在那里；在那点上，在那方面。
例1
“Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.
Chinese version for reference:
临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。
例2
A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.
Chinese version for reference:
借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。
例3
The Contractor shall, with due care and diligence, design (to the extent provided for by the Contract), execute and complete the Works and remedy any defects therein under the provisions of the Contract.
Chinese version for reference:
承包人应根据合同的各项规定，以应有的细心和勤勉，设计（在合同规定的范围内）、施工和完成工程，并修补工程中缺陷。
7 Thereof
Thereof: of that, of it它的，其。
例1
The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof of the Contract.
Notes:
1) headings: 标题
2) marginal notes: 旁注
3) deem: consider视为，认为
4）construction: interpretation解释
Chinese version for reference:
合同条件（条款）中的标题及旁注不应视为条件（条款）的一部分，在合同条件（条款）或合同本身的解释中也不应加以考虑。
例2
Arbitration: All disputes in connection with the Contract or arising in the execution thereof shall first be settled amicably by negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached, the case under dispute may then be submitted for arbitration.
Chinese version for reference:
凡有关该合同或因执行该合同而发生的一切争执，双方应以友好的方式协商解决，如协商不能解决，可提交仲裁。
例3
“Time for Completion” means the time for completing the execution of and passing the Test on Completion of the Works or any section or part thereof as stated in the Contract (or as extended under Clause 44) calculated from the Commencement Date.
Notes:
1) Time for Completion: 竣工时间
2) Test on Completion of the Works: 竣工验收（检验）
3) Commencement Date ：开工日
Chinese version for reference:
“竣工时间”指合同规定从工程开工日期算起（或按第44条延长工期）到工程或其任何部分或区段施工结束并且通过竣工检验的时间。
8 Thereafter
Thereafter: after that 此后
例1
The Contractor shall, during the execution of the Works and thereafter, provide all necessary superintendence as long as the Engineer may consider necessary for the proper fulfilling of the Contractor’s obligations under the Contr act.
Chinese version for reference:
只要工程师认为是为正确履行合同规定的承包人义务所必需时，承包人应在工程施工期间及其后，提供一切必要的监督。
9 Thereto
Thereto: to that 向那里
例1
“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvement and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.
Chinese version for reference:
“合同产品”，系指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进发展的产品。
10 Therewith
Therewith: with that 以此；此外
例1
The Contractor shall be deemed to have inspected and examined the Site and its surroundings and information available in connection therewith and to have satisfied himself
Chinese version for reference:
承包人应被视为对现场、其周围环境及其有关可利用的资料已进行了视察和考察。
Part II. Terminology
1 Whereas
Whereas: considering that 鉴于，就……而论（法律用语）
例1
Whereas the first Party is willing to employ the second Party and the second Party agrees to act as the first Party’s Engineer in Bamako, it is hereby mutually agreed as follows:
Chinese version for reference:
鉴于甲方愿意聘请乙方，乙方同意应聘为甲方在巴马科（工程）的工程师，合同双方特此达成协议如下：
例2
Whereas Party B and Party A have en tered into this Contract to install Party A’s air-conditioning equipment, the Parties hereto do hereby agree as follows:
Chinese version for reference:
鉴于乙方与甲方订立本合同，安装甲方的空气调节设备，双方同意如下：
2 In Witness Whereof
Whereby：In Witness Whereof：作为所协议事项的证据，这个短语常常在合同结尾条款中使用，可译为“特此立（证）据”，“以此立（证）据”等；
In Testimony Whereof：以此为证，特立此证；
Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc.凭此协议，凭此条款等。
例1
In Witness Whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed on the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws.
Notes:
the day and year first before written: 上面所（签）订日期
Chinese version for reference:
本协议书于上面所签订的日期，由双方根据各自的法律签订，开始执行，特立此据。
例2
In Testimony Whereof, we have hereto signed this document on _______(day/month/year). Chinese version for reference:
我方于___年____月____日签署本文，特此证明。
例3
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the
buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object.
Chinese version for reference:
买卖合同是出卖人转让标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。
3 Know All Men by These Presents;
Undersigned;Now Therefore
Know All Men by These Presents:根据本文件，特此宣布；
Undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者，前面加定冠词the, 是指文件签署者的自称；
Now Therefore: 特此，因此等。这个短语一般接whereas 之后，引出具体协议事项的常用开头词，并与其后的hereby 连用，译“兹”，“特此”。
例1
Know All Men by these presents that we_(bank’s name)__ having our registered office at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto_(the Owner’s name)_ (hereinafter called “the Owner”) in sum of ______ for payment wel l and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.
Notes:
1）registered office : 注册办公地点
2）be bound unto: 对……有义务
3）well and truly: 确实地
Chinese version for reference:
根据本文件, 兹宣布, 我行, (银行名称), 其注册地点在(注册地名) (以下称银行), 向(业主名称) (以下称业主) 立约担保支付(金额数) 的保证金。本保证书对银行及其继承人和受让人均具有约束力．
例2
The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:
Chinese version for reference:
兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。
例3
And Whereas we have agreed to give the Contractor such Bank Guarantee; Now Therefore we hereby affirm that we are the Guarantor and responsible to you, on behalf of the Contractor, up to a total of_(amount of guarantee) ____(in words)___, such sum being payable in types and proportions of currencies in which the Contract is payable.
Notes:
(1) Guarantor: 保证人, 担保人
(2) in words: 用文字书写金额
(3) the types and proportions of currencies : 货币的种类和比例
Chinese version for reference:
本银行（或金融机构）已同意为承包人出具保证函，我们因此同意作为保证人，并代表承包人以支付合同价款所规定的货币种类和比例，向你方担保总金额为(大写) 的保证金。
action 行动诉讼
alienation 疏远转让
assign 分派转让
avoidance 逃避宣告无效consideration 考虑对价，约因construction 建筑解释
defence 防卫抗辩（理由），被告determination 确定终止discovery 发现调查证据dishonour 耻辱拒付
distress 危难扣押货物
equity 公平衡平法，股份execution 执行（合同等的）签订infant 婴儿未成年人
limitation 限制时效
omission 省略不作为，不行为prejudice 偏见损害
satisfaction 满意清偿，补偿specialty 专长盖印合同
subject matter 主题标的物
涉外商务英语合同的语言特色体现在以下几个方面： 第一部分、用词方面 多用正式或法律上的用词，与口头表述不同，合同是法律性的正式书面文件，使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。比如： 1、At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist 较help 正式； 2、The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq. 所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较take part in 正式； 3、The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel. 雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较give 正式； 4、Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou. 甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate 较send back 正式； 5、This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China. 本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。construe 较explain，interpret 正式； 6、The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent. 雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时，可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式；公文体forthwith 较at once 正式； 7、The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors. 董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene，interim 都是正式用词。 8、In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right. 如一方想出售或转让其投资之全部或部分，另一方有优先购买权。法律用词assign 较
常见的合同通用条款 GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT DATED日期 CONTRACT NAME合同名称 by and between合同双方 PARTY A NAME PARTY A甲方名称 and与 PARTY B NAME PARTY B乙方名称 TABLE OF CONTENT PRELIMINARY STATEMENT前言 1. DEFINITIONS定义 2. [OPERATIVE CLAUSES] 具体操作条款 3. CONDITIONS PRECEDENT如有必要，根据交易具体情况设定相应先决条件 4. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 陈述和担保［保证］ 5. TERM合同期限 6. TERMINATION合同终止 7. CONFIDENTIALITY保密义务
8. BREACH OF CONTRACT违约 9. FORCE MAJEURE不可抗力 10. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES争议的解决 11. APPLICABLE LAW 适用法律 12. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS其他规定 THIS CONTRACT(“Contract”)is made in [city and province], China on this day of ,200 by and between [Party A name],[Party A entity form] established and existing under the laws of China, with its legal address at [address] (hereinafter referred to as “Party A”), and [Party B name], [Party B entity form] organized and existing under the laws of [Party Bjurisdiction of incoporation] with its legal address at [address] (hereinafter referred to as “Party B”). Party A and Party B shall hereinafter be referred to individually as a “Party ” and collectively as the “Parties”. 本合同于年月日由以下两方在［地点］签订： ［甲方名称］，一家根据中华人民共和国法律组建及存续的［甲方组织形式］，法定地址为［甲方法定地址］（以下简称“甲方”）： ［乙方名称］，一家根据［乙方所在国］法律组建及存续的［乙方组织形式］，法定地址为［乙方法定地址］（以下简称“乙方”）。 甲乙双方以下单独称为“一方”，合称为“双方”。 PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 前言 [add background information if appropriate]［视交易具体情况决定是否应介绍合同背景］ After friendly consultations conducted in accordance with the principles of equality and mutual benefit, the Parties have agreed to [describe subject matter of the Contract] in accordance with Applicable laws and the provisions of this Contract. 双方本着平等互利的原则，经友好协商，依照［相关法律名称］以及其他有关法律，同意按
合同签订常用英语句子 Mr. Zhang sings the contract on behalf of the China National Silk Import Export Corporation. 张先生代表中国丝绸进出口总公司在合同上签了字。 A Japanese company and SINOCHEM have entered into a new contract. 中国化工进出口总公司已经和日本一家公司签订了一份新合同。 It was because of you that we landed the contract. 因为有了你，我们才签了那份合同。 We offered a much lower price, so they got the contract. 由于我们报价低，他们和我们签了合同。 Are we anywhere near a contract yet? 我们可以(接近于)签合同了吗? We sign a contract when we are acting as principals.( principals refers to the seller and the buyer ) 当我们作为货主时都要签订合同。(这里的货主指合同中的卖方和买方) I know we (the seller) should draw up a contract and the buyer has to sign it. 我们知道我们(卖方)应该拟出一份合同，买方必须签署合同。 We should simultaneously sign two contracts, one sales contract for beef and mutton, and the other contract of equal value for the purchase of cotton.
Restrict the performance of the responsibilities of both parties to the contract, the termination of cooperation, and clear regulations on related businesses. （合同范本） 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________ 教师劳动合同(合同示范文本)
教师劳动合同(合同示范文本)说明：本合同书适用于合同双方同意签署协议后，约束合同双方的履行责任，合作终止以及相关业务明确规定，如果需要，可以直接下载打印或用于电子存档。 中学根据《中华人民共和国劳动法》和《浙江省事业单位实行聘用制暂行办法(试行)》的有关规定，为维护正常的教学秩序，提高教学质量，明确甲乙双方的权利义务，经双方协商一致，自愿签订本合同。 一、甲方根据自愿报名，公开竞争，德智体全面考核，择优录用的原则，自签约之日起，聘用乙方为甲方的教师。 二、合同期限 本合同为固定期限合同，时间为年(自年月日起至年月日止。试用期月)。期满后，根据双方意愿，可续签长期合同。 聘用专职教师合同书范本 经学校审核，同意聘用同志为学院专职教师，具体合同如下： 1、聘用时间：自年月日起，至年月日止。 2、工作内容： 3、聘用酬金：每学期末考核合格后，按元/计划学时一次性支付
聘用酬金。 4、聘用期间不享受在职人员待遇。 聘用人员签字：年月日 聘用单位签字：年月日 (盖章) 外聘教师聘用合同书范本 为明确彼此之间的权利义务关系，经协商，甲、乙双方就有关聘任教学事项达成如下协议： 一、甲方聘任乙方讲授课程，聘期为，自年月至年月。 二、甲方支付乙方的报酬标准为：元人民币/折合课时，每月支付时按照国家有关政策扣税。 三、乙方任课质量考核由其任课系(部)参照我院教师教学质量考核标准进行。考核分平时考核和集中考核，集中考核时间分期中(第10周)、期末(第18周)两个阶段进行，聘任单位及时将考核结果反馈外聘教师，提出改进意见，外聘教师要虚心接受改进意见，及时加以改进。 四、乙方应认真履行《石家庄职业技术学院教师教学工作规范》中规定的教师工作职责，遵守学院的相关规章制度，参加聘任单位的
编号：_______________本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载 英语合同的特点和翻译 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________
一.用词特点与翻译要点 合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性1.要求选词专业化（professional）,正式（formal）. 准确（accurate）.具体体现在下列方面： 1, may, shall, must, may not （或shall not）的使用 may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候）， must用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not（或shall not）用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。May not do在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not，但 may do不能。 2, 用语正式（formal） 合同英语有着严肃的风格，如"因为"的短语多用" by virtue of ",远远多于"due to" 一般不用a because of;" 财务年度末 "一般用"at the close of the fiscal year",而不用"in the end of the fiscal year";"在之前"一 般用 ................... "prior to ",而不用"before"; 关于 "常用" as regards’, concerning '或"relating to ",而不会用"about";"事实上" 用"in effect",而不用"in fact":"开始" 用 "commencement",而不用"start"或"begin";"停止做" 用"cease to do",而不用"stop to do";何时开会并由某 某主持"的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中"召开" 不用"hold 或call",而用"convene";"主持’不用"chair" 或"be in charge of "而用"preside";"其他事项" 用"miscellaneous",而不用"other matters/events"; 理解合同"用"construe a contract"或"comprehend a contract"或"comprehend a contract",而不用"understand a contract";"认为"用"deem",用"consider"少，不用”think”或"believe". 3, 用词专业（technical） 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的” 瑕疵”，”救济“，“不可抗力”，“管辖”，“毁损”，“失业”等就可能让非行业人士费 解，在英语以上表达分另U为defect ,remedy, force 马绝热，jurisdiction , damage and/or loss。 另夕卜几乎每个合同者E 少不了hereinafter referred to as, whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of, hereby,用"compensation"; 不动产转让 " 用"conveyance",而不用"transfer of real estate";"房屋出租"用"tendency",而"财产出租"用"lease of property";"停止"用"wind up a business" 或"cease （名词是cessation） a business,而不用"end/stop a business"; 依照合同相关规定“或一般说"pursuant to provisions contained herein"或"as provided herein" 等，不说'according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract ”。 4, 同义词，近义词，相关词的并列使用 英文合同出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，made and entered into", by and between", for and in consideration of", covenants and agreements", 6n the terms and subject to the conditions" terms and conditions" "release and discharge' 5, 古英语与外来词的应用（borrowing words） 使用古英语最为突出的是较多使用here, there, where加后缀in, by after, from 等介词构成的 词。在法律文件中用这些词，可以避免重复，避免歧义，使行文准确，简洁。常用例词 如下: hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter, thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith, whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc. 合同中也会使用一些外来词汇，常用的有拉丁语和法语词汇。如比例税率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多；从事慈善性服务的律师：pro bono lawyer,不经常用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance, 委托代理人多用agent ad litem
英文合同合同常用词 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表this，there 代表that，where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods
subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。
教师聘用的劳动合同范文 教师是一项伟大的职业，那么教师合同怎么写呢?以下是在小编为大家 整理的教师劳动合同范文，感谢您的阅读。 教师劳动合同范文1 聘用企业：_________ 受聘人：_________ 依据《_________》和《_________》文件精神及有关人事政策、法规，经_________人民政府常务会研究决定，在教育系统试行新教师任用协 议制。聘用企业与受聘人员按照自愿、平等的原则，签订此任用协议 书并一同履行如下条款。 一、聘用企业聘用受聘人员为_________学校教师，从事_________学 校教育教学工作，聘用期限为三年，自_________年_________月 _________日起，至_________年_________月_________日止。 二、在聘用协议期内，受聘人员享受公办教师一切待遇，聘用协议一 经解除，即终止聘用期内的一切待遇。 三、聘用期内，受聘人员按照聘用企业制定的岗位职责履行义务，完 成_________学校教育教学工作任务目标。 四、受聘人员在聘期内不得到其它学校应聘，否则视为自行终止协议。聘用协议期满，根据检测情况和被聘教师个人意愿，可以在原聘用企 业续签协议，也可到县内缺编的其它农村中小学应聘。 五、聘用协议期内，受聘人员出现下列情形之一者，聘用企业可以解 除聘用协议。 1、不能按时完成工作任务目标，给学校工作造成严重损失的; 2、不服从聘用企业工作部署的; 3、严重失职，对学校利益造成重大损害的; 4、不能认真履行本岗位职责，违反工作纪律或其它规章制度，品行不端，师德修养差经教育仍不改正，在校内及社会上影响很坏者; 5、年度检测不通过的; 6、被依法行政拘留、刑事拘留或劳动教养的; 7、患病或非因公负伤，医疗期满仍不能从事原工作，又不服从另行部
看了之后明白了很多英文“之乎者也”所对应的现代文，对合同英语的结构和特色也有了大概的了解。值得一看。 Contract 与Agreement的有无区别 在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement. 何谓“contract”？ 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing，modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing，that is，between natural persons，legal persons or other organizations“。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise，or a set of promises，for breach of which the law gives remedy，or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 (来源：英语学习门户网站http://biz.doczj.com/doc/ed14485812.html,) 综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. ， 何谓“Agreement”？， L.B “A consensus of mind，or evidence of such consensus，in spoke or written form，relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties，of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property，right or benefits，with the view of contacting an obligation，a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。(来源：专业英语学习网站http://biz.doczj.com/doc/ed14485812.html,)
1、本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成，一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份，两种文字具有同等效力。 The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, both texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text. 2、本合同由双方代表于1999年12月9日签订。合同签订后，由各方分别向本国政府当局申请批准，以最后一方的批准日期为本合同的生效日期，双方应力争在60天内获得批准，用电传通知对方，并用信件确认。若本合同自签字之日起，6个月仍不能生效，双方有权解除本合同。 This contract is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties on Dec. 9, 1999. After signing the contract, both parties shall apply to their respective Government Authorities for ratification. The date of ratification last obtained shall be taken as the effective date of the Contract. Both parties shall exert their utmost efforts to obtain the ratification within 60 days and shall advise the other party by telex and thereafter send a registered letter for confirmation. 3、本合同有效期从合同生效之日算起共10年，有效期满后，本合同自动失效。 The contract shall be valid for 10 years from the effective date of the contract, on the expiry of the validity term of contract, the contract shall automatically become null and void. 4、本合同期限届满时，双方发生的未了债权和债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续偿付未了债务。 The outstanding （未了的）claims and liabilities（债权和债务）existing between both parties on the expiry of the validity of the contract shall not be influenced by the expiration of this contract. The debtor shall be kept liable until the debtor fully pays up his debts to the creditor. 附上商务英语常用词汇 Agreement and contract（协议与合同） agency agreement 代理协议 agreement on general terms and conditions on business 一般经营交易条件的协议 agreement on loan facilities up to a given amount商定借款协议 agreement fixing price共同定价协议
编号: 本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载 外聘教师劳动合同范本 甲方： 乙方： H期： !说明：衣合同资料這用于均定双方经过谈判.协商而共岡承认.共同選守的責任i义务.同时闸述臨定的时问内达注约定的承诺始果.文档可武接下萩戒修改.使I时请详与阅谟内容。 甲方（培训机构）： 乙方： 身份证： 风险提示：培训教育机构与新入职员工签订聘用合同或者劳动合同是常见的劳动合同形 式。用人単位自用工之日起即与劳动者建立劳动关系，必须签订劳动合?同。 根据＜〈劳动合同 法》相关规定，用人单位自用工之日起超过一个月不满一年未与劳动者订立书面劳动合同的， 应W向劳动者支付每月双倍工资。此外.用人帆位与劳动者签订的必须是正式劳动合同，
不 得以试用期合同“搪塞”，若签订合同为试用期合同的，该试用期合同期限视为正式劳动合 同期限，薪资水平按同等岗位的水平发放。 为了确保甲乙双方的合法利益，特订如下合同条款，以期共同道守。 一、聘用条件与期限 1、乙方必须拥护中国共产党的领导，热爱社会主义祖国，道纪守法，品质好，行为端 正，为人正派，乐于奉献，合作精神强。 2、身体健康，能有效地开展教育教学工作，来校工作期间能适应工作环境，并具有教师资格证、普通话合格证方可上岗。 3、甲、乙双方选择以下第种形式确定本合同期限： （一）固定期限：自年月日起至年月日止。 （二）无固定期限：自年月日起至法定的或木合同所约定的终止条件出现时止。 （三）以完成一定的工作任务为期限。自年月日起至工作任务完成时即行终止。 违反以上规定进行约定的.若被员工投诉，会被劳动行政部门责令改正 :如果违法约定的试用期已经履行的，箪位还要向员工支付赔偿金。 其中试用期自年月日起至年月日止，期限为个月。 风险提示：上述条款提供了劳动合同或者说聘用合同的形式， 有固定期限的也有无固定 期限的，通常情况下我们常见的劳动合同形式都是固定期限劳动合同。 在上述条款的最后约定了试用期限，需要注意的是，用人单位与劳动者约定试用期不得违反国家法律规定， 劳 动合同法》第19条规定：劳动合同期限三个月以上不满一年的，试用期不得超过一个月
英语合同的特点与翻译 一．用词特点与翻译要点 合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性1.要求选词专业化（professional）, 正式（formal）. 准确（accurate）. 具体体现在下列方面： 1.may, shall, must, may not (或shall not) 的使用 may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候)，must 用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not(或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。May not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not, 但绝不能用can not do 或must not,但may do 不能。 2.用语正式（formal） 合同英语有着严肃的风格，如“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of”, 远远多于”due to”一般不用“because of”; ”财务年度末“一般用”at the close of the fiscal year”, 而不用” in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”, 而不用”before”; “关于“常用”as regards”, “concerning?或”relating to”, 而不会用”about”; “事实上”用”in effect”, 而不用”in fact”: “开始“用”commencement”, 而不用”start”或”begin”; “停止做”用”cease to do”, 而不用”stop to do”; 何时开会并由某某主持“的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中”召开“不用”hold 或call”, 而用”convene”; “主持?不用”chair”或” be in charge of “而用” preside”; “其他事项”用”miscellaneous”, 而不用” other matters/events”; “理解合同“用”construe a contract”或”comprehend a contract”或”comprehend a contract”, 而不用”understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”, 用”consider”少，不用”think”或”believe”. 3,用词专业(technical) 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的”瑕疵”,”救济“，“不可抗力”，“管辖”，“毁损”，“失业”等就可能让非行业人士费解，在英语以上表达分别为defect ,remedy，force马绝热，jurisdiction，damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as, whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of, hereby, 用”compensation”; “不动产转让“用”conveyance”, 而不用”transfer of real estate”; “房屋出租”用”tendency”, 而“财产出租”用”lease of property”; “停止”用”wind up a business”或”cease （名词是cessation）a business”, 而不用”end/stop a business”; “依照合同相关规定“或一般说”pursuant to provisions contained herein”或”as provided herein”等，不说?according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。 4，同义词，近义词，相关词的并列使用 英文合同出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，“made and entered into”, “by and between”, “for and in consideration of”, “covenants and agreements”, “on the terms and subject to the conditions”“terms and conditions””release and discharge” 5, 古英语与外来词的应用(borrowing words) 使用古英语最为突出的是较多使用here, there, where 加后缀in, by after, from等介词构成的词。在法律文件中用这些词，可以避免重复，避免歧义，使行文准确，简洁。常用例词如下：hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter, thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith, whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc. 合同中也会使用一些外来词汇，常用的有拉丁语和法语词汇。如比例税率：用pro rate tax rate 要比proportional tax rate 多；从事慈善性服务的律师：pro bono lawyer, 不经常用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance, 委托代理人多用agent ad litem 二，句法特点与翻译要点
英文合同常用词汇和句型 1、开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍） 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文：因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文：本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释和说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4、favor, “in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守： This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication No.400. 2) 根据（法律、法规、合同） 3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于…”，“率属于…”，“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、Provided that 但是 9、Notwithstanding “即使，表示一种让步”。 10、in question “表示该” 11、including but not limited to “包括但不限于” 12、常理解为“有权利做某事” 1）have the right to do 2）be entitled to do 3）do sth. at one’s option or/ and discretion 4）have the authority to do 13、合同英语中“因为”的表达方法 1）owing to 2）attributable to 3）due to 4）in view of 5）by virtue of 14、notify sb. Of sth. in writing: 书面通知某人某事 15、in lieu of: 替代 16、关联企业： 1）affiliate: 广义上的具有法人人格的子公司，只要有参股关系即可，常翻译为“关联公司”
常见的合同通用条款中英文 DATED日期 CONTRACT NAME合同名称 by and between合同双方 PARTY A NAME PARTY A甲方名称 and与 PARTY B NAME PARTY B乙方名称 TABLE OF CONTENT PRELIMINARY STATEMENT前言 1.DEFINITIONS定义
2. [OPERATIVE CLAUSES] 具体操作条款 3. CONDITIONS PRECEDENT如有必要，根据交易具体情况设定相应先决条件 4. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 陈述和担保［保证］ 5. TERM合同期限 6. TERMINATION合同终止 7. CONFIDENTIALITY保密义务 8. BREACH OF CONTRACT违约 9. FORCE MAJEURE不可抗力 10.SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES争议的解决 11.APPLICABLE LAW适用法律
12.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS其他规定 THIS CONTRACT(“Contract”)is made in *city and province+, China on this day of,200 by and between [Party A name],[Party A entity form] established and existing under the laws of China, with its legal address at [address] (hereinafter referred to as “Party A”), and *Party B name], [Party B entity form] organized and existing under the laws of [Party Bjurisdiction of incoporation] with its legal address at *address+ (hereinafter referred to as “Party B”). Party A and Party B shall hereinafter be referred to individually as a “Party ”and collectively as the “Parties”. 本合同于年月日由以下两方在［地点］签订： ［甲方名称］，一家根据 * 法律组建及存续的［甲方组织形式］，法定地址为［甲方法定地址］（以下简称“甲方”）： ［乙方名称］，一家根据［乙方所在国］法律组建及存续的［乙方组织形式］，法定地址为［乙方法定地址］（以下简称“乙方”）。 甲乙双方以下单独称为“一方”，合称为“双方”。