七夕，古今诗人惯咏星月与悲情。

吾生虽晚，世态炎凉却已看透矣。

情也成空，且作“挥手袖底风”罢。

是夜，窗外风雨如晦，吾独坐陋室，听一曲《尘缘》，合成诗韵一首，觉放诸古今，亦独有风韵也。

乃书于纸上。

毕而卧。

凄然入梦。

乙酉年七月初七。

-----啸之记。

071Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for the feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals. Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasps and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed, antennae and an indented abdomen that forms a narrow waist.o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 复杂的o shelter [5FeltE] n. 遮蔽处o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o h ymenoptera [7haimi5nCptErE] n. 膜翅目o sawfly [5sR:flai] n. 叶蜂o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o in that [in] [TAt]conj. 因为o distinguish [dis5tiN^wiF] v. 区别o bent [bent] adj. 弯曲的o elbowed [5elbEud] adj. 像肘一样弯曲的o antenna [An5tenE] n. 触须o indented [in5dentid] adj. 锯齿状的o abdomen [5AbdEmEn] n. 腹部o waist [weist] n. 昆虫腹部的较窄部位072Members of an ant colony typically fall into categories known as castes, each with a different role. The majority of colony members are female worker ants that are unable to mate. Worker ants do not have wings and perform most of the work of the colony, including searching for food,nursing young, and defending the colony against ants from other colonies. Queens are larger than worker ants and are the only females of the colony capable of mating. Queens are born with wings, which they break off after mating. They mate with winged male ants, later using the sperm from the mating to produce fertilized eggs, which hatch to produce more worker ants and a new generation of queens.o caste [kB:st] n. 有社会组织的昆虫的阶级o mate [meit] v. 交配，繁殖o perform [pE5fC:m] v. 执行o nurse [nE:s] v. 看护o capable of [5keipEbl] [Ev]adj. 有能力o sperm [spE:m] n. 精子o fertilized egg [5fE:tElaizd] n. 受精卵o hatch [hAtF] v. 孵化073Insects and diseases are a continuing menace to forests. Various insects, such as the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the spruce budworm, devastate extensive areas by defoliation. Other insects serve as carriers for the causative agents of diseases that destroy trees. Parasitic tree diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, or by such parasitic plants as the mistletoe or dodder. Noninfectious diseases of trees include sunscald; drought injury; root drowning, or suffocation; nutritional excesses or deficiencies; winter injury; and injury from smoke, gases, and fumes.o menace [5menEs] n. 威胁o gypsy moth [5dVipsi] [mCW]n. 舞毒蛾o tussock moth [5tQsEk] [mCW]n. 毒蛾o spruce budworm [spru:s] [5bQdwE:m]n. 云杉蚜虫o devastate [5devEsteit] v. 糟蹋o defoliation [7di:fEuli5eiFEn] n. 落叶o causative agent [5kC:zEtiv] [5eidVEnt]n. 病原体o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌o virus [5vaiErEs] n. 病毒o nematode [5nemEtEud] n. 线虫o mistletoe [5misltEu] n. 槲寄生，一种欧亚寄生灌木o dodder [5dCdE] n. 菟丝子o sunscald [5sQnskR:ld] n. 日灼病o drought injury [draut] n. 旱害o root drowning [ru:t] [5drauniN]n. 根部溺死o suffocation [7sQfE5keiFEn] n. 窒息o nutritional [njU:5triFEnEl] adj. 营养的o deficiency [di5fiFEnsi] n. 缺乏o fume [fju:m] n. 浓烟074Birds are the only animals with feathers, collectively called plumage, although some other animals, such as insects and bats, also have wings. Nearly all birds can fly, and even flightless birds, such as ostriches and penguins, evolved from flying ancestors. Many characteristics and behaviors of birds are distinct from all other animals, but there are some similarities. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded— having a relatively constant body temperature that enables them to live in a wide variety of environments. Like reptiles, birds develop from embryos in eggs outside of the mother’s body.o plumage [5plu:midV] n. (鸟的)全身羽毛o ostrich [5astritF] n. 鸵鸟o penguin [5peN^win] n. 企鹅o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o distinct [dis5tiNkt] adj. 截然不同的o similarity [7simE5lArEti] n. 相似之处o chamber [5tFeimbE] n. 腔o warm-blooded [wC:m5blQdid] adj. 恒温的(动物)o constant [5kCnstEnt] adj. 恒定不变的o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o embryo [5embriEu] n. 胚胎075The main component of feathers is keratin, a flexible protein that also forms the hair and fingernails of mammals. Feathers provide the strong yet lightweight surface area needed for powered, aerodynamic flight. They also serve as insulation, trapping pockets of air to help birds conserve their body heat. The varied patterns, colors, textures, and shapes of feathers help birds to signal their age, sex, social status, and species identity to one another. Some birds have plumage that blends in with their surroundings to provide camouflage, helping these birds escape notice by their predators. Birds use their beaks to preen their feathers, often making use of oil from a gland at the base of their tails. Preening removes dirt and parasites and keeps feathers waterproof and supple. Because feathers are nonliving structures that cannot repair themselves when wornor broken, they must be renewed periodically. Most adult birds molt—lose and replace their feathers — at least once a year.o keratin [5kerEtin] n. 角质o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 柔韧的o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o aerodynamic [7eErEudai5nAmik] adj. 空气动力学的o insulation [7insju5leiFEn] n. 绝缘，绝热o trap [trAp] v. 捕捉o conserve [kEn5sE:v] v. 保存o texture [5tekstFE] n. 质地o social status [5sEuFEl] [5steitEs] n. 社会地位o blend in [blend] [in]v. 与(环境等)协调o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o predator [5predEtE] n. 捕食者o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o preen [pri:n] v. (鸟)用嘴整理o gland [^lAnd] n. 腺o tail [teil] n. 尾o parasite [5pArEsait] n. 寄生生物o waterproof [5wC:tEpru:f] adj. 防水的o supple [5sQpl] adj. 柔软的o worn [wC:n] adj. 用旧了的，磨破了的o periodically [7piEri5CdikEli] adj. 周期的，定期的o molt [mEult] v. 换毛076Bird wings are highly modified forelimbs with a skeletal structure resembling that of arms. The shape of a bird’s wings influences its style of flight, which may consist of gliding, soaring, or flapping. Flight muscles are located in the chest and are attached to the wings by large tendons. The breastbone, a large bone shaped like the keel of a boat, supports the flight muscles.o forelimb [5fC:lim] n. 前肢o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似o glide [^laid] v. 滑行o soar [sC:] v. 翱翔o flap [flAp] v. 振翅飞行o chest [tFest] n. 胸部o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o keel [ki:l] n. 龙骨：船的主要结构部件077Nearly all birds have a tail, the paired flight feathers of which, called rectrices, extend from the margins of a bird’s tail. Tails may be square, rounded, pointed, or forked, depending on the lengths of the rectrices and the way they terminate.o tail [teil] n. 尾o rectrix [5rektriks] n. (plural: rectirces [5rektrEksiz])舵羽：鸟尾巴上主要几支硬羽毛的一支，用于掌握飞行方向o square [skweE] adj. 正方形的o forked [5fC:kt] adj. 叉状的o terminate [5tE:mineit] v. 中止，结束078Birds have two legs; the lower part of each leg is called the tarsus. Most birds have four toes on each foot, and in many birds, including all songbirds, the first toe, called a hallux, points backwards. Bird toes are adapted in various species for grasping perches, climbing, swimming, capturing prey, and carrying and manipulating food.o tarsus [5tB:sEs] n. 跗骨o toe [tEu] n. 趾o songbird [5sRNbE:d]n. 鸣禽o hallux [5hAlEks] n. (鸟)后趾, (人)大拇趾o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的o perch [pE:tF] n. 栖木：供鸟栖息的枝条o manipulate [mE5nipjuleit] v. 处理079Instead of heavy jaws with teeth, modern birds have toothless, lightweight jaws, called beaks or bills. The eyes of birds are protected by three eyelids: an upper lid resembling that of humans, a lower lid that closes when a bird sleeps, and a third lid, called a nictitating membrane, that sweeps across the eye sideways, starting from the side near the beak. This lid is a thin, translucent fold of skin that moistens and cleans the eye and protects it from wind and bright light.o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o bill [bil] n. 啄o eyelid [5ailid] n. 眼睑o nictitating membrane [5niktiteitiN] [5membrein] n. 瞬膜：鸟类、爬行动物和一些哺乳动物的内生透明眼睑，闭上可保护和滋润眼睛o translucent [trAnz5lu:snt] adj. 半透明的o moisten [5mCisn] v. 使潮湿080For breeding, most birds build nests, which help them to incubate, or warm, the developing eggs. Nests sometimes offer camouflage from predators and physical protection from the elements. Nests may be elaborate constructions or a mere scrape on the ground.o breed [bri:d] v. 繁殖；育种o nest [nest] n. 巢o incubate [5inkjubeit] v. 孵化o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装o element [5elEmEnt] n. 环境o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 精心制作的o scrape [skreip] n. 浅坑081Among the best-known birds are the birds of prey. Some, including hawks, eagles, and falcons, are active during the daytime. Others, notably owls, are nocturnal, or active at night. Birds of prey have hooked beaks, strong talons or claws on their feet, and keen eyesight and hearing. Scavengers that feed on dead animals are also considered birds of prey.o bird of prey [bE:d] [Ev] [prei]n. 猛禽，食肉鸟o hawk [hC:k] n. 鹰o falcon [5fAlkEn] n. 隼o owl [aul] n. 猫头鹰o nocturnal [nCk5tE:nl] adj. 夜间的o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o talon [5tAlEn] n. 爪o scavenger [5skAvindVE] n. 食腐动物082Migrating birds use a variety of cues to find their way. These include the posit ions of the sun during the day and the stars at night; the earth’s magnetic field; and visual, olfactory, and auditory landmarks.o migrate [5mai^reit] v. 迁徙o cue [kju:] n. 提示o magnetic field [mA^5netik] [fi:ld]n. 磁场o olfactory [Cl5fAktEri] adj. 嗅觉的o auditory [5C:dEtEri] adj. 听觉的083Except in combinations such as waterfowl and wildfowl, in modern usage the word fowl usually is restricted to the common domestic fowl, or chicken. In poultry markets, fowl commonly means a full-grown female bird. Young birds of both sexes, such as broilers and fryers, are called chickens. On poultry farms, male chickens are called roosters or cocks; females, especially those more than a year old, are called hens; females less than a year old are called pullets; very young chickens of either sex are called chicks; and castrated males are called capons.o combination [7kCmbi5neiFEn] n. 组合o waterfowl [5wC:tEfaul] n. 水鸟o wildfowl [5waildfaul] n. 野禽o fowl [faul] n. 家禽o domestic [dE5mestik] adj. 驯养的o poultry [5pEultri] n. 家禽o broiler [5brCilE] n. 适于烤焙的嫩鸡o fryer [fraiE] n. 适于油炸的小鸡o rooster [5ru:stE] n. 公鸡o pullet [5pulit] n. 小母鸡o chick [tFik] n. 小鸡o castrate [kAs5treit] v. 阉割o capon [5keipan] n. 阉鸡084All fishes are vertebrates(animals with backbones) with gills for breathing, and most of them have fins for swimming, scales for protection, and a streamlined body generally with a pointed snout and posterior and a broad propulsive tail for moving easily through the water.o vertebrate [5vE:tEbrEt] n. 脊椎动物o backbone [5bAkbEun] n. 脊椎o gill [dVil] n. 腮o fin [fin] n. 鳍o scale [skeil] n. 鱼鳞o streamlined [5stri:mlaind] adj. 流线型的o snout [snaut] n. 口鼻部o posterior [pCs5tiEriE] n. 后部o propulsive [prEu5pQlsiv] adj. 有推进力的085The term fishery is also used to describe the species of fish being harvested(because most of them are edible), which include familiar finned fish species, like cod and flounder; mollusks, including oysters and squid; and crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs. Lesser-known fisheries include echinoderms, like sea urchins; some amphibians, including frogs; and cnidarians, such as jellyfish. even the harvest of whales is usually considered a fishery.o fishery [5fiFEri] n. 食用鱼类，捕鱼业o harvest [5hB:vEst] v. 收获，捕获o edible [5edEbl] adj. 可食用的o cod [kad] n. 鳕鱼o flounder [5flaundE] n. 比目鱼o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o oyster [5CistE] n. 牡蛎o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o crustacean [krEs5teiFEn] n. 甲壳纲动物o shrimp [Frimp] n. 虾o crab [krAb] n. 螃蟹o echinoderm [i5kainE7dE:m] n. 棘皮动物o sea urchin[si:] [5E:tFin] n. 海胆o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o cnidarian [nai5di E ri E n] n. 刺细胞动物o jellyfish [5dVelifiF] n. 水母o whale [weil] n. 鲸086angling refers to fishing for sport, recreation and relaxation. a fishing rod is a long, straight, flexible pole made of bamboo, fiberglass, or graphite that an angler uses to cast hook with bait or lures into the water.o angling [5AN^liN] n. 垂钓o fishing [5fiFiN] n. 钓鱼o recreation [rekri5eiFEn] n. 消遣o fishing rod [5fiFiN] [rCd]n. 钓竿o straight [streit] adj. 直的o flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 弹性的o pole [pEul] n. 杆o bamboo [bAm5bu:] n. 竹子o fiberglass [5faibE^lB:s] n. 玻璃纤维o graphite [5^rAfait] n. 石墨o angler [5AN^lE] n. 钓鱼者o cast [kB:st] v. 抛o hook [huk] n. 鱼钩o bait [beit] n. 饵o lure [luE] n. 诱饵087C oral reefs are built up by limestone skeletons of coral, and are found only in tropical saltwater where bright sunlight can penetrate, because corals cannot exist without the symbiotic algae that live in coral tissues and require sunlight for photosynthesis.o coral [5kCrEl] n. 珊瑚o reef [ri:f] n. 礁o build up [bild] [Qp]v. 堆积o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o skeleton [5skelEtEn] n. 骨骼o tropical [5trCpikl] adj. 热带的o saltwater [5sR:lt7wR:tE] n. 盐水o penetrate [5penEtreit] v. 穿透o symbiotic [7simbi5Rtik] adj. 共生的o algae [5AldVi:] n. 藻类, 海藻(singular: alga [5AlgE])o tissue [5tisju:] n. 组织o photosynthesis [7fEutEu5sinWEsis] n.光合作用088S quids are carnivorous mollusks belonging to the same class as the cuttlefish, and octopus. The body of squids, stiffened by an interior cartilaginous skeleton, is spherical or cigar-shaped, with two lateral fins. around the mouth are eight sucker-bearing arms and two contractile tentacles with spatulate tips; on the latter are four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous(horny) hooks. The contractile tentacles, longer than the rest, are used to seize the prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it to be torn by strong jaws shaped like a parrot's beak. Squid can swim faster than any other invertebrate by rapidly expelling water from the mantle cavity through the “funnel”. Many deep-sea squid are bioluminescent. They shoot out a cloud of dark ink when pursued; one genus secretes luminescent ink.o squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼o carnivorous [kB:5nivErEs] adj. 食肉类的o mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物o cuttlefish [5kQtlfiF] n. 墨鱼, 乌贼o octopus [5CktEpEs] n. 章鱼o stiffen [5stifnd] v. 使僵硬o interior [in5tiEriE] adj. 内部的o cartilaginous [7kB:tE5lAdVEnEs] adj. 软骨(质)的o spherical [5sferikEl] adj. 球形的o cigar-shaped [si5^B:] [Feipt]adj. 雪茄形的o lateral fin [5lAtErEl] [fin]n. 侧鳍o sucker-bearing [5sQkE] [5beEriN]adj. 长着吸盘的o contractile [kEn5trAktl] adj. 会收缩的o tentacle [5tentEkl] n. 触须、触角o spatulate [5spAtFjulit] adj. 竹片状的o row [rEu] n. 行，排o suction cup [5sQkFEn] [kQp]n. 吸盘o chitinous [5kaitEnEs] adj. 壳质的o horny [5hC:ni] adj. 角状的o seize [si:z] v. 抓住o prey [prei] n. 被掠食者，战利品o torn [tC:n] n. (tear的分词)撕o jaw [dVC:] n. 颚, 颌o parrot [5pArEt] n. 鹦鹉o beak [bi:k] n. 喙o invertebrate [in5vE:tEbrEt] n. 无脊椎动物o expel [iks5pel] v. 喷出, 发射o mantle cavity [5mAntl] [5kAvEti]n. 外套腔o funnel [5fQnEl] n. 漏斗，漏斗形物o bioluminescent [5baiEu7lu:mE5nesEt] adj. 发(冷)光的o pursue [pE5su:] v. 追赶, 追踪o genus [5dVi:nEs] n. 种, 类o secrete [si5kri:t] v. 分泌089A mphibians have moist, hairless skin through which water can pass in and out, and were the first animals with backbones to adapt to life on land. they are the ancestors of reptiles, which in turn gave rise to mammals and birds. all amphibians belong to one of three main groups: the caudata, or tailed amphibians, which includes the sirens, salamanders, and newts; the anura n, or tailless amphibians, which includes frogs and toads; and the gymnophiona, which is made up of the wormlike caecilians.o amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物o moist [mCist] adj. 潮湿的o adapt [E5dApt] v. 适应o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先o reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物o mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物o caudata [5ka:deitE] n. 有尾目o siren [5sairin] n. 土鳗o salamander [5sAlEmAndE] n. 火蜥蜴o newt [nu:t] n. 蝾螈o anura n [E5njuErEn] n. 无尾目o frog [frC^] n. 青蛙o toad [tEud] n. 蟾蜍o gymnophiona [5dVimpfina] n. 无足目o make up of [meik] [[Qp] [Ev]v. 组成、构成o caecilian [si:5siliEn] n. 蚓螈090Paleontologists recognize several mass extinctions in the past 500 million years, which occurred in Ordovician, Devonian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic, and Cretaceous Period, respectively. The most recent mass extinction was at the end of Cretaceous Period, and resulted in the loss of 76% of all species, most notably the dinosaurs.o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o mass extinction [mAs] [iks5tiNkFEn] n. 大量消亡o Ordovician[7C:dE5viFEn] n. 奥陶纪，是指古生代第二纪的一段地质时间o Devonian [di5vEuniEn] n. 泥盆纪o Paleozoic [peiliE5zEuik] n. 古生代o Mesozoic [7mezEu5zEuik] n. 中生代o Triassic [trai5Asik] n. 三叠纪o Cretaceous [kri5teiFEs] n. 白垩纪o respectively [ri5spektivli] adv. 分别地o species [5spi:Fiz] n. 物种o dinosaur [5dainEsC:] n. 恐龙091In mass extinctions, entire groups of species—such as families, orders, and classes—die out,creating opportunities for the survivors to exploit new habitats. In their new niches, the survivors evolve new characteristics and habits and, consequently, develop into entirely new species.o family [5fAmEli] n. 科o order [5C:dE] n. 目o class [klB:s] n. 纲o survivor [sE5vaivE] n. 幸存者o exploit [5eksplCit] v. 开拓o habitat [5hAbEtAt] n. 栖息地o niche [nitF] n. 合适的环境o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化092As the sum of all species living in the world's ecosystems, known as biodiversity, dwindles, so too go many of the resources on which we depend. Humans use at least 40,000 different plant, animal, fungi, bacteria, and virus species for food, clothing, shelter, and medicines. In addition, the fresh air we breathe, the water we drink, cook, and wash with, and the many chemical cycles—including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle, so vital to sustain life—depend on the continued health of ecosystems and the species within them.o ecosystem [i:kEu5sistEm] n. 生态系统o biodiversity [7baiEudE5vEsiti] n. 生物多样性o dwindle [5dwindl] v. 减少o plant [plAnt] n. 植物o animal [5AnEmEl] n. 动物o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌类(singular: fungus)o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌(singular：bacterium)o virus [5vairEs] n. 病毒o chemical cycle [5kemikEl] [5saikl]n. 化学循环o nitrogen cycle [5naitrEdVEn][5saikl] n. 氮循环o carbon cycle [5kB:bEn][5saikl] n. 碳循环o vital [5vaitl] adj. 至关重要的o sustain [sEs5tein] v. 维持093A central, and historically controversial, component of evolutionary theory is that all living organisms, from microscopic bacteria to plants, insects, birds, and mammals, share a common ancestor.o controversial [7kCntrE5vE:FEl] adj. 争议的o component [kEm5pEunEnt] n. 组成部分o evolutionary [7evE5lU:FEnEri] adj. 进化的o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o microscopic [maikrE5skRpik] adj. 极微小的o ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先094Hostility as to evolutionary theory gave way to acclaim as scientists vigorously debated, explored, and buil t on Darwin’s theory of natural selection. As the 20th century unfolded, scientific advances revealed the detailed mechanisms missing from Darwin’s theory. Study of the complex chemistry of all organisms unveiled the structure of genes as well as how they are duplicated, altered, and passed from generation to generation. New molecular biology techniques compare the genetic structures of different species, enabling scientists to determine heretofore undetectable evolutionary relationships between species. Today, evolution is recognized as the cornerstone of modern biology. Uniting such diverse scientific fields as cell biology, genetics, paleontology, and even geology and statistics, the study of evolution reveals anexquisitely complex interaction of the forces that act upon every life form on Earth.o hostility [hCs5tiliti] n. 反对o give way to [^iv] [wei] [tE]v. 退让o acclaim [E5kleim] n. 称赞o vigorously [5vi^ErEsli] adv. 竭力地o unfold [Qn5fEuld] v. 展开o reveal [ri5vi:l] v. 揭示o unveil [Qn5veil] v. 揭示o gene [dVi:n] n. 基因o duplicate [5du:plikeit] v. 复制o alter [5C:ltE] v. 改变o genetic structure [dVE5netik] [5strQktFE]n. 遗传结构o heretofore [7hiEtE5fC:] adv. 迄今为止o undetectable [7Qndi5tektEbl] adj. 未被发现的o cornerstone [5kC:nEstEun] n. 基础o cell biology [sel] [bai5ClEdVi]n. 细胞生物学o genetics [dVi5netiks] n. 遗传学o paleontology [7peiliCn5tClEdVi] n. 古生物学o geology [dVi5ClEdVi] n. 地质学o statistics [stE5tistiks] n. 统计学o exquisitely [ek5skwizit] adv. 非常地095Fossils are most commonly found in limestone, sandstone, andshale(sedimentary rock). Remains of organisms can also be found trapped in natural asphalt, amber, and ice. The hard, indigestible skeletons and shells of animals and the woody material of plants are usually preserved best. Fossils of organisms made of soft tissue that decays readily are more rare. Paleontologists use fossils to learn how life has changed and evolved throughout earth’s history.o fossil [5fasl] n. 化石o limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石o sandstone [5sAndstEun] n. 砂岩o shale [Feil] n. 页岩o sedimentary rock [sedE5mentEri] [rCk] n. 沉积岩o remains [ri5meins] n. 遗体o organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物o trap [trAp] v. 困住o asphalt [5AsfC:lt] n. 沥青o amber [5AmbE] n. 琥珀o indigestible [7indi5dVestEbl] adj. 不被吸收的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨架o shell [Fel] n. 外壳o woody material [5wudi] [mE5tiEriEl]n. 木质材料o preserve [pri5zE:v]v. 保存o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o decay [di5kei] v. 腐烂o paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者o evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化096Basic Human Anatomy: Musculoskeletal SystemThe human skeleton consists of more than 200 bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments. The different parts of the body vary greatly in their degree of movement, which are effected by contractions of the skeletalmuscles, to which the bones are attached by tendons. Thus, the arm at the shoulder is freely movable, whereas the knee joint is definitely limited to a hingelike action, and the bones composing the skull are immovable.o anatomy [E5natEmi] n. 人体解剖o musculoskeletal [7mQskjulEu5skelEtEl] adj. 肌肉与骨骼的o skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨骼o bind [blaind] v. 绑定，缔结o tough [tQf] adj. 坚硬的o inelastic [7inE5lAstik] adj. 无弹性的o tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织o ligament [5li^EmEnt] n. 韧带o vary [5veEri] v. 不同，变化o contraction [kEn5trAkFEn] n. 收缩o muscle [5mQsl] n. 肌肉o skeletal muscle [5skelitl] [5mQsl]n. 骨骼肌o attach [E5tAtF] v. 缚上, 系上, 贴上o tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱o shoulder [5FEuldE] n. 肩o knee joint [ni:] [dVCint]n. 膝关节o hinge [hindV] adj. 枢纽; 门枢; 节点o compose [kEm5pEuz] v. 组成o skull [skQl] n. 头骨097There are two main types of bone. Compact bone, which makes up most of the bone of arms and legs, is very dense and hard on the outside. The structural units of compact bone are osteons, elongated cylinders that act as weight-bearing pillars, able to withstand any mechanical stress placed on the bone. The center of each osteon contains a hollow canal that acts as a central passageway for blood vessels and nerves.o compact bone [5kRmpAkt] [bEun]n. 密质骨o make up [meik] [Qp]v. 组成o dense [dens] adj. 密度大的o osteon [5RstiRn] n. 骨单位(密质骨构造的基本单位)o elongated [5i:lCN^eitid] adj. 被拉长的o cylinder [5silindE] n. 圆柱体o pillar [5pilE] n. 柱状物o withstand [wiT5stAnd] v. 经受得住o canal [kE5nAl] n. 导管o passageway [5pAsidVwei] n. 出入口098In some bones, internal to the compact bone is spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, composed of a honeycomb network of bones that act as supporting beams. Spongy bone is designed to bear stress from several directions, such as that exerted on the pelvis in bending or stretching. The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow containing the blood vessels that nourish spongy bone. Spongy bone is found in bones of the pelvis, ribs, breastbone, vertebrae, skull, and at the ends of the arm and leg bones.o spongy bone [5spQndVi] [bEun]n. 松质骨o cancellous[kAn5selEs] adj. 网状骨质的: 具有间隙的、格子状的或多孔结构的o cancellous bone [kAn5selEs] [bEun] n. 松质骨o honeycomb [5hQnikEum] n. 蜂窝状物o beam [bi:m] n. 梁o pelvis [5pelvEs] n. 骨盆o bend [bend] v. 使弯曲o stretch [stretF] v. 伸展o trabecula [trE5bekiElE] n. 小梁：任何结缔组织的支撑纤维，伸入一器官之中并构成该器官构架的一部分o marrow [5mArEu] n. 骨髓o breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨o vertebra [5vE:tEbrE] n. 脊椎骨099The nervous system has two divisions: the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system, including all neural tissue of motor and sensory systems. Impulses go to the central nervous system through sensory nerves and are carried away from it by the motor nerves. The motor system is further divided into the somatic (or skeletal)nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic motor system allows voluntary control over skeletal muscle with a few exceptions. The autonomic nervous system is largely involuntary and controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.o nervous system [5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 神经系统o division [di5viVEn] n. 部分o central nervous system [sen5trEl][5sistEm] n. 中枢神经系统o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓o peripheral nervous system [pE5rifErEl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 周围神经系统o neural tissue [5njuErEl] [5tisu:]n. 神经组织o motor [5mEutE] n. 运动肌o sensory system [5sensEri][5sistEm] n. 感觉系统o impulse [5impQls] n. 神经脉冲o somatic nervous system[sEu5mAtik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 体神经系统o skeletal nervous system [5skelitl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 骨骼神经系统o autonomic nervous system [7C:tE5namik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 自主神经系统o voluntary [5vRlEntEri] adj. 自主的o cardiac [5kB:diAk] n. 心脏的o smooth muscle [smu:T] [5mQsl]n. 平滑肌100Voluntary movement of head, limbs, and body is caused by nerve impulses arising in the motor area of the cortex of the brain and carried by cranial nerves or by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord to connect with skeletal muscles.o limb [lim] n. 肢o arise [E5raiz] v. 起，兴起；发生o cortex [5kC:teks] n. 大脑皮层o cranial nerve [5kreiniEl] [nE:v]n. 颅神经o emerge from [i5mE:dV] [frCm]v. 自……出现o spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓。