新托福iBT词汇分类突破李笑来o masonry wall [ ❍♏♓♦☜⏹❒♓] [♦●]n. 砖墙，砖瓦墙o cohere [ ☜◆♒♓☜] v. 粘合o mortar [ ❍♦☜] n. 砂浆，灰浆o profusion [☐❒☜♐◆✞☜⏹] n. 大量(a profusion of: 大量的)oo anodized coating[ ✌⏹☜♎♋♓] [ ☜◆♦♓☠]n. 电镀层，电镀膜(anodize v.阳极氧化: 用电解方式给(金属面)镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物)o cladding [ ●✌♎♓☠] n. 覆层：在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层o Gothic [ ♈♓] adj. 哥特式的o architecture [ ☜♦♏♦☞☜] n. 建筑, 建筑学o span [♦☐✌⏹] v. (桥,拱等)横跨o post-and-lintel [☐☜◆♦♦] [✌⏹♎] [ ●♓⏹♦●] n. 抬梁式(在立柱上架梁，梁上又抬梁, 在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用)，框架(结构)o vault [ ●♦] n. 拱(不连柱的)o skyscraper [ ♦♋♓♦❒♏♓☐☜] n. 摩天大楼o facilitate [♐☜♦♓●☜♦♏♓♦] v. 提供便利o interior design [♓⏹♦♓☜❒♓☜] [♎♓♋♓⏹]n. 室内设计o blind [♌●♋♓⏹♎] n. 窗帘（尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘）o niche [⏹♓♦☞] n. 壁橱o ledge [●♏♎✞] n. 壁架o grate [♈❒♏♓♦] n. 壁炉o terrace [ ♦♏❒☜♦] n. 阳台o façade[♐☜♦♎] n. (建筑物的)外立面，尤指正面oo lease [●♓♦] n. 租约ooo lessor [ ●♏♦] n. 出租人o tenant [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹♦] n. 房客o lessee [●♏♦♓] n. 承租人o sprawl [♦☐❒●] n. (城市的)无计划扩展o commuter [ ☜❍◆♦☜] n. 通勤者(定期从一地到另一地旅行的人，如从郊区到城市并回来)o deem [♎♓❍] v. 视为o conurbation [ ♋⏹☜♌♏♓☞☜⏹] n. (连带卫星城镇和市郊的)大都市o megalopolis [ ❍♓♈☜●♋☐☜●☜♦] n. 特大城市oo hygienic[♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹♓] adj. 卫生学的(hygiene [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹]卫生学)oo agent [ ♏♓♎✞☜⏹♦] n. 媒介o feces [ ♐♓♦♓] n. 粪便ooo sullage [ ♦✈●♓♎✞] n. (房屋,街道等排出的)污物o greywater [ ♈❒♏♓♦♦☜] n. 生活污水o latrine [●☜♦❒♓⏹] n. 公共厕所o septic tank [ ♦♏☐♦♓] [♦✌☠]n. 化粪池o personal hygiene practice [ ☐☜♦☜⏹●] [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹] [ ☐❒✌♦☜♦]v. 个人卫生习惯o infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施ooo pipeline [ ☐♋♓☐●♋♓⏹] n. 管道, 输送管道o node [⏹☜◆♎] n. 中转站oo seaport [ ♦♓☐♦] n. 港口ooo code [ ☜◆♎] n. 法规oo toll [♦☜◆●] n. 通行费oooooo secure to [♦♓◆☜] [♦◆]v. 固定在…o crossbeam [♊❒♦♌♓❍] n. 横梁o tie [♦♋♓] n. 枕木o gauge [♈♏♓♎✞] n. 轨距o alignment [☜●♋♓⏹❍☜⏹♦] n. 直线排列o ballast [ ♌✌●☜♦♦] n. 道碴ooo capital-intensive [ ✌☐☜♦☜●] [♓⏹♦♏⏹♦♓]adj. 资本密集型的o logistics [●☜◆♎✞♓♦♦♓♦] n. 物流o freight [♐❒♏♓♦] n. 货物oo retailing [ ❒♓♦♏♓●♓☠] n. 零售o postal service [ ☐☜◆♦♦☜●] [ ♦☜☜♦]n. 邮电业ooo liberalization [ ●♓♌☜❒☜●☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 自由化o deregulation [♎♓❒♏♈◆●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 撤销(价格,费用方面的)管制规定o privatization [ ☐❒♋♓☜♦☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 私有化o infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施o distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦] v. 分配o monopolistic [❍☜⏹☐☜♊●♓♦♦♓] adj. 垄断的oooo apprentice [☜☐❒♏⏹♦☜♦] n. 学徒o journeyman [ ♎✞☜⏹♓❍☜⏹] n. 学徒期满的职工ooo guild [♈♓●♎] n. (中世纪的)行会oo bazaar [♌☜] n. 集市o clientele [ ●♋♓☜⏹♦♏●] n. 顾客oo fine [♐♋♓⏹] adj. (区别)微小的；细微的oooooo interlace [ ♓⏹♦☜●♏♓♦] v. 使交织o warp [♦☐] n. 织物上纵的方向的纱或线o weft [♦♏♐♦] n. 织物上横的方向的纱或线oo parallel [ ☐✌❒☜●♏●] adj. 平行的oooo treadle loom [ ♦❒♏♎●][●◆❍] n. 脚踏织布机ooo plait [☐●✌♦] v. 打褶oo reed [❒♓♎] n. 芦苇o cane [ ♏♓⏹] n. 藤条o rush [❒✈☞] n. 灯心草o sisal [ ♦♋♓♦☜●] n. 波罗麻：一种分布在墨西哥和中美洲的植物oo ash-wood [✌☞] [♦◆♎]adj. 梣木的o splint [♦☐●♓⏹♦] n. 薄木条o twist [♦♦♓♦♦] v. 捻oo hemp [♒♏❍☐] n. 大麻纤维o ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的o knotting [ ⏹♦♓☠] n. 结形花边(流苏)oo linen [ ●♓⏹☜⏹] n. 亚麻布o jute cord [♎✞◆♦] [ ♎]n. 黄麻绳ooooooo liner [ ●♋♓⏹☜] n. 衬里o stitch [♦♦♓♦☞] v. 缝合Many useful objects can be fashioned from leather, using such special tools as leather shears, punches for carving thick leather, thonging chisels, and lacing needles.o fashion [ ♐✌☞☜⏹] v. 制造o leather [ ●♏❆☜] n. 皮革o shear [☞♓☜] n. 剪刀o punch [☐✈⏹♦☞] n. 打孔器o carve [ ] v. 切割o thong [ ☠] v. 给…装上皮带子o chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子o lace [●♏♓♦] v. 穿线o needle [ ⏹♓♎●] n. 针Ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand or thrown on a potter's wheel. When the clay hardens, it is fired in a high-temperature oven, or kiln, to strengthen it. To make the object waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again.o ceramic [♦☜❒✌❍♓] adj. 陶器的o mold [❍☜◆●♎]v. 塑造o throw [ ❒☜◆] v. 在陶轮上形成o potter's wheel [ ☐♦☜] [♦♓●] n. 陶轮o clay [ ●♏♓] n. 粘土o oven [ ✈☜⏹] n. 烤炉o kiln [ ♓●⏹] n. 窑o waterproof [ ♦♦☜☐❒◆♐] adj. 防水的o glaze [♈●♏♓] n. 釉料Such basic woodworking techniques as sawing, joining, and finishing can be employed to make a wide variety of useful and ornamental objects, from jewelry boxes to picture frames.o woodworking [ ♦◆♎♦☜♓☠] adj. 木工的o sawing [ ♦♓☠] n. 锯o joining [ ♎✞♓⏹♓☠] n. 拼接o finishing [ ♐♓⏹♓☞♓☠] n. 抛光o ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的o picture frame [ ☐♓♦☞☜] [♐❒♏♓❍]n. 相框Carpenter tools include saws, planes, flat-edged chisels, semicircular gouge, boring tools such as brace, drills, and measuring tools such as steel rules, C-clamp, squares and trisquare, etc.o carpenter [ ☐♓⏹♦☜] n. 木匠o saw [♦] n. 锯o plane [☐●♏♓⏹] n. 刨o chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子o gouge [♈♋◆♎✞] n. 半圆凿o boring [ ♌❒♓☠] n. 钻(孔)o brace [♌❒♏♓♦] n. 手摇曲柄钻o drill [♎❒♓●] n. 钻孔机o C-clamp [ ●✌❍☐] n. C型夹o square [♦♦♏☜] n. 直角尺o trisquare [ ♦❒♋♓♦♦♏☜] n. 曲尺The tenon, a rectangular or square projection from the end of one member, fits snugly into the mortise cut in the second member, thus joining the two perpendicularly.o tenon [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹] n. 榫o projection [☐❒☜♎✞♏☞☜⏹] n. 凸出物o snugly [ ♦⏹✈♈●♓] adv. 紧紧地o mortise [ ❍♦☜♦] n. 榫眼o perpendicularly [ ☐☜☐☜⏹♎♓◆●☜●♓] adv. 垂直地Finishes serve to protect and preserve the wood and to bring out the beauty of the grain. Pieces are finished with rasps, files, and sandpaper. Common finishes include waxes, oils, bleaches, fillers, stains, shellac, varnish, lacquer, sealers, and paints, including enamels.o bring out [♌❒♓☠] [♋◆♦]v. 显示出o grain [♈❒♏♓⏹] n. 纹理图案o rasp [❒♦☐] n. 粗锉：一种有锋利，突出，尖锐凸起的钝锉o file [♐♋♓●] n. 锉刀o sandpaper [ ♦✌⏹♎☐♏♓☐☜] n. 沙纸o wax [♦✌♦] n. 石蜡o bleach [♌●♓♦☞] n. 漂白o filler [ ♐♓●☜] n. 填料：，用于在完工前将木头、塑料或其它建筑表面填入孔、裂缝或洞o stain [♦♦♏♓⏹] n. 着色剂：能够渗透表层并着深色的一种液体物质，尤用于木头上o shellac [☞☜●✌] n. 虫胶清漆：用于涂饰木料o varnish [ ⏹☜☞] n. 清漆：用于把表面涂成坚硬的，有光泽的透明的膜o lacquer [ ●✌☜] n. 天然漆：一种用作表面涂层的光滑的树脂般的物质o sealer [ ♦♓●☜] n. (油漆)封底层：一种密封物质，比如用来给平面上胶的油漆或清漆的底层o paint [☐♏♓⏹♦] n. 油漆o enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层Paints are formed by mixing a pigment and a binder, a fluid vehicle, such as linseed oil, that solidifies when exposed to air. A varnish is a transparent solution that solidifies into a protective coating. Opaque and colored varnishes are called lacquers.o pigment [ ☐♓♈❍☜⏹♦] n. 色素o binder [ ♌●♋♓⏹♎☜] n. 粘合剂o vehicle[ ♓♓●] n. 调漆料：与油漆混合在一起以供使用的一种物质，如润滑油等o linseed oil [ ●♓⏹♦♓♎] [ ♓●]n. 亚麻油o solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v. (使)凝固o expose [♓♦☐☜◆] v. 暴露o transparent [♦❒✌⏹♦☐♏☜❒☜⏹♦] adj. 透明的o solution [♦☜●◆☞☜⏹] n. 溶液o coating [ ☜◆♦♓☠] n. 涂层o opaque [☜◆☐♏♓] adj. 不透明的Cookery involves a diverse array of cuisines. Food may be immersed in liquids such as water, stock, or wine(boiling, poaching, stewing); immersed in fat or oil (frying); exposed to vapor(steaming and, to some extent, braising); exposed to dry heat(roasting, baking, broiling); and subjected to contact with hot fats (sautéing).o cookery [ ◆☜❒♓] n. 烹饪o diverse [♎♋♓☜♦] adj. 不同的o cuisine [ ♦♓♓⏹] n. 烹饪法o immerse [♓❍☜♦] v. 浸没o stock [♦♦] n. 浓汤o wine [♦♋♓⏹] n. 酒o boil [♌♓●] v.煮o poach [☐☜◆♦☞] v. 水煮o stew [♦♦◆] v. 炖：用小火烧或慢慢地煮沸来烹饪(食物)o fat [♐✌♦] n. 油脂o fry [♐❒♋♓] v. 油炸o vapor [ ♏♓☐☜] n. 蒸汽o steam [♦♦♓❍] v. 蒸o braise [♌❒♏♓] v. 炖:先用油炒，然后在有盖容器中炖o dry heat [♎❒♋♓] [♒♓♦]n. 干热o roast [❒☜◆♦♦] v. 烘烤o bake [♌♏♓] v. 烘焙o broil [♌❒♓●] v. 烤o subject to [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] [♦◆]v. 使经受o contact [ ⏹♦✌♦] n. 关联o sauté [♦♦♏♓] v. 炒Essential modern kitchen equipment includes the following: a stove, or range; sink; work surface; various knives, pots and pans; such utensils as spatulas, whisks, specialized spoons, and rolling pins; a more highly specialized array of gear for producing pastries and other baked goods; and more recent sophisticated equipment such as blenders, food processors, and microwave ovens.o kitchen [ ♓♦☞♓⏹] n. 厨房o stove [♦♦☜◆] n. 炉子o range [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] n. 火炉o sink [♦♓☠] n. 水槽o work surface [♦☜] [ ♦☜♐☜♦]n. 工作台o knife [⏹♋♓♐] n. 刀子o pot [☐♦] n. 锅o pan [☐✌⏹] n. 平底锅o utensil [ ◆♦♏⏹♦●] n. 器具o spatula [ ♦☐✌♦☞☜●☜] n. (调拌用的)刮铲o whisk [♦♓♦] n. 搅拌器o spoon [♦☐◆⏹] n. 匙o rolling pin [ ❒☜◆●♓☠] [☐♓⏹]n. 擀面杖o gear [♈♓☜] n. 设备o pastry [ ☐♏♓♦♦❒♓] n. 点心o sophisticated [♦☜♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎] adj. 复杂精巧的o blender [ ♌●♏⏹♎☜] n. 搅拌器o microwave oven [ ❍♋♓❒☜◆♦♏♓] [ ✈☜⏹] n. 微波炉In ancient times mosaics were a form of floor decoration made of small pebbles and later of cut or shaped pieces of marble, hard stone, glass, terra-cotta, mother-of-pearl, and enamels. The shaped pieces, in the form of small cubes, are called tesserae. The tesserae are embedded in plaster, cement, or putty to hold them in place.o mosaic [❍☜◆♏♓♓] n. 镶嵌工艺o pebble [ ☐♏♌●] n. 鹅卵石o marble [ ❍♌●] n. 大理石o terra-cotta [♊♦♏❒☜] [ ♋♦☜]n. 赤陶o mother-of-pearl [ ❍✈❆☜] [☜] [☐☜●]n. 珍珠母o enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层o cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体o tessera [ ♦♏♦☜❒☜] n. 镶嵌物o embed [♓❍♌♏♎] v. 镶嵌o plaster [ ☐●♦♦☜] n. 石膏o cement [♦♓❍♏⏹♦] n. 水泥o putty [ ☐✈♦♓] n. 油灰o in place [♓⏹] [☐●♏♓♦]adv. 在适当的位置Molten glass was tinted in a wide range of colors with metal oxides and then poured on a flat surface such as a marble slab to form a disk of colored glass; this was scored with a sharp tool and broken into strips and cubes.o molten [ ❍☜◆●♦☜⏹] adj. 熔化的o tint [♦♓⏹♦] v. 给. . 着色o a wide range of [♏♓] [♦♋♓♎] [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] [☜] adj. 广泛的o metal oxide [ ❍♏♦●] [ ♦♋♓♎] n. 金属氧化物o pour on [☐❒] [ ⏹]v. 把. . 倾泻在. . 上o flat [♐●✌♦] adj. 扁平的o marble slab [ ❍♌●] [♦●✌♌] n. 大理石板o score [♦] v. 刻痕o strip [♦♦❒♓☐] n. 条o cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体Portraits can be executed in any medium, including sculpted stone and wood, oil, painted ivory, pastel, encaustic on wood panel, tempera on parchment, carved cameo, and hammered or poured metal.o portrait [ ☐♦❒♓♦] n. 肖像o sculpt [♦✈●☐♦] v. 雕刻o ivory [ ♋♓☜❒♓] n. 象牙o pastel [☐✌♦♦♏●] n. 彩色蜡笔画o encaustic [♓⏹♦♦♓] n. 蜡画o tempera [ ♦♏❍☐☜❒☜] n. 蛋彩画o parchment [ ☐♦☞❍☜⏹♦] n. 羊皮纸o cameo [ ✌❍♓☜◆] n. 浮雕o hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] v. 锤打o pour [☐❒] v. 浇注Sculpture(from Latin, “to carve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.o sculpture [ ♦✈●☐♦☞☜] n. 雕刻o mass [❍✌♦] n. 质量o volume [ ●☜❍] n. 体积o principal [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐☜●] adj. 主要的o freestanding [ ♐❒♓♦♦✌⏹♎♓☠] adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的o in the round [♓⏹] [❆☜] [❒♋◆⏹♎] adj. 雕刻成立体(的)，栩栩如生的，表现无余的o relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕Sculpture(from Latin, “to carve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.o sculpture [ ♦✈●☐♦☞☜] n. 雕刻o mass [❍✌♦] n. 质量o volume [ ●☜❍] n. 体积o principal [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐☜●] adj. 主要的o freestanding [ ♐❒♓♦♦✌⏹♎♓☠] adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的o in the round [♓⏹] [❆☜] [❒♋◆⏹♎] adj. 雕刻成立体(的)，栩栩如生的，表现无余的Pitch depends upon the rate of vibration, or frequency, of sound waves that produce a particular tone. Most Western music was based on 12 equivalent intervals per octave, however, a great deal of Western folk music conforms to pentatonic scale, the best-known form of which contains no half steps.o pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高o vibration [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 振动o frequency [ ♐❒♓♦☜⏹♦♓] n. 频率o tone [♦☜◆⏹] n. 音调o equivalent interval [♓♦♓☜●☜⏹♦] [ ♓⏹♦☜☜●]n. 等间隔的音程o octave [ ♦♏♓] n. 八度音程（音阶）o folk [♐☜◆] adj. 民间的o conform [ ☜⏹♐❍] v. (to, with)遵照，依照o pentatonic [ ☐♏⏹♦☜♦⏹♓] adj. 五声音阶的o scale [♦♏♓●] n. 音阶o step [♦♦♏☐] n. 音级o relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕Rhythm is the way music uses time, which includes characteristics such as duration of tones and silences, and patterns of duration.o rhythm [ ❒♓❆☜❍] n. 节奏o characteristic [ ✌❒♓♦☜❒♓♦♦♓] n. 特性o duration [♎◆☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 持续时间The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches that overlap withone another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit well together, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.o style-defining [♦♦♋♓●] [♎♓♐♋♓⏹♓☠]adj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的o overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] v. 与. . 重叠o chord [ ♎] n. 和弦o harmony [ ♒❍☜⏹♓] n. 和声o simultaneously [♦♋♓❍☜●♦♏♓⏹♓☜♦●⍓] adv. 同时地o melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调o occupy [ ♋◆☐♋♓] v. 占用，填满o register [ ❒♏♎✞☜♦♦☜] n. 音域o distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] adj. 截然不同的o rhythmic patterns [ ❒♓❆❍♓] [ ☐✌♦☜⏹]n. 有节奏的模式o contour [ ♋⏹♦◆❒] n. （音调或声调的）升降曲线；变化方式The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches that overlap with one another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit well together, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.o style-defining [♦♦♋♓●] [♎♓♐♋♓⏹♓☠]adj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的o overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] v. 与. . 重叠o chord [ ♎] n. 和弦o harmony [ ♒❍☜⏹♓] n. 和声o simultaneously [♦♋♓❍☜●♦♏♓⏹♓☜♦●⍓] adv. 同时地o melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调o occupy [ ♋◆☐♋♓] v. 占用，填满o register [ ❒♏♎✞☜♦♦☜] n. 音域o distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] adj. 截然不同的o rhythmic patterns [ ❒♓❆❍♓] [ ☐✌♦☜⏹]n. 有节奏的模式o contour [ ♋⏹♦◆❒] n. （音调或声调的）升降曲线；变化方式Orchestra, ensemble of musical instruments; in the narrowest sense, the characteristic ensemble of Western music, having as its core a group of bowed-string instruments of the violin family, augmented by woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments.o orchestra [ ☜♦♦❒☜] n. 管弦乐o ensemble [♋⏹♦❍♌●] n. 合奏o musical instruments [ ❍◆♓☜●] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 乐器o core [ ] n. 中心o bowed-string [♌♋◆♎] [♦♦❒♓☠]adj. 演奏弦乐的o violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴o augment [ ♈❍♏⏹♦] v. 增补，扩充o woodwind [ ♦◆♎♦♓⏹♎] n. 木管乐器o brass [♌❒♦] n. 铜管乐器o percussion [☐☜✈☞☜⏹] n. 打击乐器Percussion instruments are referred to as membranophones if they produce sound through the vibrations of a stretched skin or other membrane. They are called idiophones if they produce sound through their natural resonance when struck, rubbed, plucked, or shaken. Drums are membranophones; hollowed logs, bells, gongs, xylophones, and pianos are examples of idiophones.o membranophone [❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 膜鸣乐器o stretched [♦♦❒♏♦☞♎] adj. 有弹性的o membrane [ ❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹] n. 膜o idiophone [ ♓♎♓☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 体鸣乐器o resonance [ ❒♏☜⏹☜⏹♦] n. 共振o strike [♦♦❒♋♓] v. 敲击o rub [❒✈♌] v. 摩擦o pluck [☐●✈] v. 拨(弦)o shake [☞♏♓] v. 摇晃o drum [♎❒✈❍] n. 鼓o hollowed log [ ♒♋●☜◆♎] [●♈]n. 中空的原木o bell [♌♏●] n. 铃、钟，或钟琴o gong [♈☠] n. 锣o xylophone [ ♋♓●☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 木琴o piano [☐♓⏹☜◆] n. 钢琴Wind instruments, or aerophones, produce sound by vibration, which may be produced by performers’lips (brass), a column of air split across a sharp edge(flutes, pipes, whistles), or by one or two reeds, as with instruments such as the clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon.o wind instrument [♦♓⏹♎] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦]n. 管乐器o aerophone [ ♏☜❒☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 管乐器o column [ ●☜❍] n. 柱o split [♦☐●♓♦] n. 裂缝o edge [♏♎✞] n. 边缘o flute [♐●◆♦] n. 竖笛，横笛o pipe [☐♋♓☐] n. 风笛o whistle [♦♓♦●] n. 口哨o reed [❒♓♎] n. 簧片o clarinet [ ●✌❒☜⏹♏♦] n. 单簧管，黑管o saxophone [ ♦✌♦☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 萨克斯管o oboe [ ☜◆♌☜◆] n. 双簧管o bassoon [♌☜♦◆⏹] n. 低音管，巴松The string, or chordophone, family has several branches. In one branch, which includes the zither, dulcimer, strings are stretched across a flat body. In a second branch, each instrument has a neck, for example the lute, guitar, or violin. A third branch includes plucked instruments with multiple strings, such as the lyre or the harp, where each string produces only one pitch.o string [♦♦❒♓☠] n. 琴弦o chordophone [ ♎☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 弦乐器o zither [ ♓❆☜] n. 齐特琴（与中国的“筝”相似）o dulcimer [ ♎✈●♦♓❍☜] n. 洋琴o neck [⏹♏] n. 琴颈o lute [●◆♦] n. 琉特琴o guitar [♈♓♦] n. 吉他o violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴o lyre [ ●♋♓☜] n. 里拉，(古希腊的)七弦竖琴(古希腊的一种弦乐器)o harp [♒❒☐] n. 竖琴The modern pianoforte has six major parts: (1) The frame is usually made of iron. At the rear end is attached the string plate, into which the strings are fastened. In the front is the wrest plank, into which the tuning pins are set. Around these is wound the other end of the strings, and by turning these pins the tension of the strings is regulated. (2) The soundboard, a thin piece of fine-grained spruce placed under the strings, reinforces the tone by means of sympathetic vibration. (3) The strings, made of steel wire, increase in length and thickness from the treble to the bass. The higher pitches are each given two or three strings tuned alike. The lower ones are single strings made heavier by being overspun— that is, wound around with a coil of thin copper wire. (4) The action is theentire mechanism required for propelling the hammers(wrapped with felt) against the strings. The most visible part of the action is the keyboard, a row of keys manipulated by the fingers. The keys corresponding to the natural tones are made of ivory or plastic ; those corresponding to the chromatically altered tones, of ebony or plastic. (5) The pedals are levers pressed down by the feet. The damper, or loud pedal, raises all the dampers so that all the strings struck continue to vibrate even after the keys are released. The use of these pedals can produce subtle changes in tone quality. (6) According to the shape of the case, pianos are classified as grand, square, and upright. Grand pianos are built in various sizes, from the full concert grand, 2.69 m long, to the parlor or baby grand, less than 1.8 m long.o pianoforte [☐♓✌⏹☜◆♐♦♏♓] n. 钢琴o frame [♐❒♏♓❍] n. 骨架o rear [❒♓☜] adj. 后面的o attach [☜♦✌♦☞] v. 附加o fasten [ ♐✌♦⏹] v. 使固定；加固o plank [☐●✌☠] n. 支架（wrest plank: （校准弦音的）扭钥架）o tuning pin [ ♦◆⏹♓☠] [☐♓⏹]n. 调音弦轴o wind [♦♓⏹♎] v. 绕, 缠o tension [ ♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 压力, 张力o regulate [ ❒♏♈◆●♏♓♦] v. 调节, 校准o fine-grained [♐♋♓⏹] [♈❒♏♓⏹♎]adj. 纹理细腻、平整的o spruce [♦☐❒◆♦] n. 云杉质木材o reinforce [ ❒♓♓⏹♐♦] v. 加强o sympathetic vibration [ ♦♓❍☐☜♏♦♓] [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹]n. 共振o treble [ ♦❒♏♌●] n. 高音部分o bass [♌♏♓♦] n. 低音部分o pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高o overspin wire [ ☜◆☜♦☐♓⏹] [ ♦♋♓☜]n. 缠弦o coil [ ♓●] n. 一卷o action [ ✌☞☜⏹] n. 机械装置o mechanism [ ❍♏☜⏹♓☜❍] n. 机械装置o propel [☐❒☜☐♏●] v. 推动o hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] n. 音锤o felt [♐♏●♦] n. 毡制品o manipulate [❍☜⏹♓☐◆●♏♓♦] v. (熟练地)操作, 使用(机器等)o corresponding to [ ❒☜♦☐⏹♎♓☠] [♦◆] adj. 与……相应的o ivory [ ♋♓☜❒♓] n. 象牙o plastic [☐●♦♦♓] n. 塑料o chromatic [ ❒☜❍✌♦♓] adj. 半音(阶)的, 含半音的o chromatically [ ❒☜❍✌♦♓●♓] adv. 半音地o ebony [ ♏♌☜⏹♓] n. 乌木o pedal [ ☐♏♎●] n. 踏板o lever [ ●♏☜] n. 控制杆o damper [ ♎✌❍☐☜] n. 制音器o release [❒♓●♓♦] v. 释放o sustaining [♦☜♦♦♏♓⏹♓☠] adj. 支持的o subtle [ ♦✈♦●] adj. 微小的o grand [♈❒✌⏹♎] adj. 大的o square [♦♦♏☜] adj. 正方形的o upright [ ✈☐❒♋♓♦] adj. 立式的o various [ ♏☜❒♓☜♦] adj. 许多的o parlor [ ☐●☜] adj. 客厅的The main parts of the violin are the front, also called the belly, top, or soundboard, usually made of well-seasoned spruce; the back, usually made of well-seasoned maple ; and the ribs, neck, fingerboard, pegbox, scroll, bridge, tailpiece, and f-holes, or soundholes. The front, back, and ribs are joined together to form a hollow sound box. Thesound box contains the sound post, a thin, dowel-like stick of wood wedged inside underneath the right side of the bridge and connecting the front and back of the violin; and the bass-bar, a long strip of wood glued to the inside of the front under the left side of the bridge. The sound post and bass-bar are important for the transmission of sound, and they also give additional support to the construction. The strings are fastened to the tailpiece, rest on the bridge, and are suspended over the fingerboard, and run to the pegbox, where they are attached to tuning pegs that can be turned to change the pitch of the string. The strings are set in vibration and produce sound when the player draws the bow across them at a right angle near the bridge. Among the prized characteristics of the violin are its singing tone and its potential to play rapid, brilliant figurations as well as lyrical melodies. Violinists can also create special effects by means of the following techniques: pizzicato, plucking, tremolo, etc.o violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴o belly [ ♌♏●♓] n. (弦乐器的)面板o well-seasoned [♦♏●] [ ♦♓⏹♎]adj. 完全风干的o spruce [♦☐❒◆♦] n. 云杉o maple [ ❍♏♓☐●] n. 枫木o rib [❒♓♌] n. 琴骨o pegbox [ ☐♏♈♌♦] n. (弦乐器的)弦轴箱o scroll [♦❒☜◆●] n. 涡卷形头：提琴类乐器上的弯曲状饰头o tailpiece [ ♦♏♓●☐♓♦] n. 系弦钮o hollow [ ♒●☜◆] adj. 中空的o sound [♦♋◆⏹♎] n. 声音o post [☐☜◆♦♦] n. 杆o dowel [ ♎♋◆☜●] n. 暗榫o wedge [♦♏♎✞] v. 楔入o underneath [ ✈⏹♎☜⏹♓] prep. 在. . . 的下面o bass-bar [♌♏♓♦] [♌❒]n. 低音梁o strip [♦♦❒♓☐] n. 条o glue [♈●◆] v. 粘合o transmission [♦❒✌⏹♦❍♓☞☜⏹] n. 传播o fasten [ ♐✌♦⏹] v. 附着o suspend [♦☜♦☐♏⏹♎] v. 悬挂o tuning peg [ ♦◆⏹♓☠] [☐♏♑]n. 调音弦轴o pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音质o vibration [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 振动o draw [♎❒] v. 拉o bow [♌♋◆] n. 琴弓o prize [☐❒♋♓] v. 珍视o figuration [ ♐♓♈◆❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 用装饰音装饰o lyrical [ ●♓❒♓☜●] adj. 抒情的o melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调o pizzicato [ ☐♓♦♦♓♦☜◆] n. 拨奏乐曲o pluck [☐●✈] v. 拨o tremolo [ ♦❒♏❍☜●☜◆] n. 颤音Photography is based on principles of light, optics, and chemistry. For the purpose of producing a photograph, these silver salts are distributed in gelatin to make a mixture called an emulsion, which is applied to film or another supporting material in a thin layer. When the emulsion is exposed to light, the silver halide crystals undergo chemical changes and, after further processing, an image becomes visible. The stronger the light that strikes the crystals, the denser or more opaque that part of the film becomes. Most types of film produce a negative image, from which a positive final copy can be printed on sensitized paper. The dense (or dark) areas of the negative translate into light areas on the final photograph. Almost all modern photography relies on this negative-to-positive process.o photography [♐☜♦♈❒☜♐♓] n. 摄影o principle [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐●] n. 原则o optics [ ♋☐♦♓♦] n. 光学o silver salt [ ♦♓●☜] [♦●♦]n. 银盐o distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦] v. 分布，散布(over)o gelatin [ ♎✞♏●☜♦⏹] n. 凝胶o emulsion [♓❍☜●☞☜⏹] n. 感光乳剂o apply [☜☐●♋♓] v. 涂, 搽, 撒o film [♐♓●❍] n. 胶片o layer [ ●♏♓☜] n. 垫片，层o expose [♓♦☐☜◆] v. 曝光，暴露o halide [ ♒✌●♋♓♎] adj. 卤化物的o crystal [ ❒♓♦♦●] n. 晶体o undergo [ ✈⏹♎☜♈☜◆] v. 经历(变迁等)；遭受(苦难等)o processing [☐❒☜◆♦♏♦♓☠] v. 处理o image [ ♓❍♓♎✞] n. 影像o strike [♦♦❒♋♓] v. 照在..上o opaque [☜◆☐♏♓] adj. 不反射光线的o negative image [ ⏹♏♈☜♦♓] [ ♓❍♓♎✞]n. 底片(负像)o sensitized paper [ ♦♏⏹♦♓♦♋♓♎] [ ☐♏♓☐☜]n. 感光纸o translate into [♦❒✌⏹♦●♏♓♦] [ ♓⏹♦◆]v. 转化为o rely on [❒♓●♋♓] [ ⏹]v. 依赖，依靠In most cases the camera and its lens determine the appearance of the photographic image. Cameras work on the basic principle of the camera obscura. In both the camera obscura and the modern camera, light passes through a lens fitted into an otherwise lightproof box. Light passing through the lens casts an image of the camera’s subject—the object, person, or scene in front of the camera—onto the inside of the box, which in a modern camera contains film. The camera and lens control how much light strikes the film in what is called an exposure.o camera [ ✌❍☜❒☜] n. 照相机o lens [●♏⏹] n. 镜头o camera obscura [ ✌❍☜❒☜] [☜♌♦◆❒☜]n. 暗箱o otherwise [ ✈❆☜♦♋♓] adj. 别样的，另外一种的o lightproof [ ●♋♓♦☐❒✞♐] adj. 不透光o cast [ ♦♦] v. 投射o subject [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] n. 对象o scene [♦♓⏹] n. 景色o exposure [♓♦☐☜◆✞☜] n. 暴光Anthropologists and theater historians trace the origins of theater to myth and ritual found in dances and mimed performances by masked dancers during fertility rites and other ceremonies that marked important passages in life. Imitation, costumes, masks, makeup, gesture, dance, music, and pantomime were some of the theatrical elements found in early rituals.o anthropologist [ ✌⏹❒☜☐●☜♎✞♓♦♦] n. 人类学家o theater [ ♓☜♦☜] n. 戏剧o trace [♦❒♏♓♦] v. 追踪，探索o myth [❍♓] n. 神话o ritual [ ❒♓♦☞◆☜●] n. (宗教)仪式o mimed performance [❍♋♓❍♎] [☐☜♐❍☜⏹♦]n. 笑剧、闹剧表演o fertility rite [♐☜♦♓●♓♦♓] n. 丰收仪式o ceremony [ ♦♏❒☜❍☜◆⏹♓] n. 仪式o passage [ ☐✌♦♓♎✞] n. 转变o imitation [♓❍♓♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 道具o costume [ ♋♦♦◆❍] n. 装束o makeup [ ❍♏♓✈☐] n. 化妆品o gesture [ ♎✞♏♦♦☞☜] n. 造型o pantomime [ ☐✌⏹♦☜❍♋♓❍] n. 哑剧表演In addition to the actor and the audience in a space, other elements of theater include a written or improvised text, costumes, scenery, lights, sound, and properties(props). Most theatrical performances require the collaborative efforts of many creative people, including dramaturge, craftspeople, designer, composer, or choreographer and managers working toward a common goal: the production. The performance is very often a play—a tragedy, comedy, or musical—but it need not be. Theater performances include vaudeville, puppet shows, mime, and other forms of entertainment. Theatrical texts, often referred to as drama, usually provide the vital framework of a performance. In Aristotle's famous definition, drama is an imitation of an action that is whole, complete, and of a certain magnitude or scope.o audience [ ♎♓☜⏹♦] n. 观众o improvised [ ♓❍☐❒☜♋♓] adj. 即兴的o scenery [ ♦♓⏹☜❒♓] n. 舞台布景o property [ ☐❒☐☜♦♓] n. 道具o props [☐❒♋☐♦] n. 小道具o collaborative [ ☜●✌♌☜❒♏♓♦♓] adj. 协作的o dramaturge [ ♎❒❍☜♦☜♎✞] n. 剧作家o craftspeople [ ❒♋♐♦☐♓☐●] n. 道具师o composer [ ☜❍☐☜◆☜] n. 作曲家o choreographer [ ❒♓♈❒☜♐☜] n. 舞蹈指导o production [☐❒☜♎✈☞☜⏹] n. 作品，成品，电影制片o tragedy [ ♦❒✌♎✞♓♎♓] n. 悲剧o comedy [ ♋❍☜♎♓] n. 喜剧o vaudeville [ ♎☜♓●] n. 歌舞杂耍o puppet show [ ☐✈☐♓♦] [☞☜◆]n. 木偶剧o mime [❍♋♓❍] n. 笑剧o theatrical text [ ♓✌♦❒♓☜●] [♦♏♦♦]n. 戏剧文本o drama [ ♎❒❍☜] n. 戏剧o framework [ ♐❒♏♓❍♦☜] n. 结构o magnitude [ ❍✌♈⏹♓♦◆♎] n. 量值o scope [♦☜◆☐] n. 范围Theater can serve many ends. It can be designed to entertain, instruct, motivate, persuade, and even shock. But whatever the intentions of the director, performers, and crew, the result depends on the interaction with an audience. The audience affects the performance by providing the performers with immediate feedback, such as laughter, tears, applause, or silence. Each night there is continuous interaction between the auditorium and the stage. Ultimately, audiences make their opinions known through their attendance or nonattendance. They support what appeals to them and generally fail to support what they find distasteful, offensive, or incomprehensible.o serve [♦☜] v. 满足，服务o end [♏⏹♎] n. 目的o entertain [ ♏⏹♦☜♦♏♓⏹] v. 娱乐o instruct [♓⏹♦♦❒✈♦] v. 教导o motivate [ ❍☜◆♦☜♏♓♦] v. 激发o persuade [☐☜♦♦♏♓♎] v. 说服o shock [☞] v. 震撼o intention [♓⏹♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 意图，目的o director [♎♓❒♏♦☜] n. 导演o performer [☐☜♐❍☜] n. 表演者o crew [ ❒◆] n. 全体人员o interaction [ ♓⏹♦☜❒✌☞☜⏹] n. 相互作用。