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英汉句子比较与翻译2012


定语组位置比较 一张红木小圆桌
a small round red wooden table 一位中国现代优秀作家
an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer 繁荣昌盛的社会主义现代化强国
a modern, prosperous, powerful socialist country
国家不论大小贫富,都应一律平等。
Teachers, old and new, must respect each other and learn from each other.
新老教师都应互相尊重,互相学习。
The reason for the change is lack of money, pure and simple.
就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学中最重要的 一个区别就是形合与意合的对比 (contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis)
英语注重显性衔接(overt cohesion),汉语 注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)
傅雷:东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧, 我人重综合,重归纳,重暗示,重含蓄;西方 人则重分析,细微曲折,挖掘唯恐不尽,描写 唯恐不周。
为了能及时赶到那儿,他们克服了极大的困难。
It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。
3 定语从句和某些分词作定语时,也需后置 Here are the New Year cards I’ve just
2 –ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语,与every, the only 或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时,也常需后置。
The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。
They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time.
汉语学家王力:西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性; 中国语法是软的,富有弹性。……所以中国语 法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整, 而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。
例句:
由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝, 而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.
更改的原因纯粹是因为缺少经费。
汉语中的习惯是把最能说明事物本质的放在最 前面,而把表示规模大小、力量强弱的放在后 面。英语则恰恰相反,越能说明事物本质的定 语越要靠近它所修饰的名词。同时,还可以根 据定语和其所修饰的名词之间的关系安排前后 位置,定语和中心词关系越密切,位置越接近。 如关系难以判断,则按词的长短排列,短的在 前,长的在后。
received. 这些是我刚收到的新年贺卡。
Most of the people studying here are middle school teachers.
在这里学习的多数是中学老师。
4 起表语作用的形容词作定语,也需后置。
Everybody present at the conference welcomed the decision.
We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends.
状语位置的比较
英语的状语位置不固定,汉语状语通常是放在 主语之后,谓语之前。
never He was never late. 他从不迟到。 He never got up late. 他从不晚起。
He can never speak English without making serious mistakes. 说英语他总是出大错
bones Sunflower Bible (from a
gentleman to a lady )
英汉句子结构比较
英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合 (parataxis)
形合主要靠语言本身语法手段(形式手段), 意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系
奈达 《译意》Translating meaning:
汉语:头重脚轻,属于主题显著(topicprominent)语言
语言学家赵元任:在汉语中,主语与谓语之间 的语法关系与其说是施事和动作的关系,不如 说是话题和说明的关系,施事和动作可以看作 是话题和说明的一个特例。
I worked very hard on this book. 这本书我花了很多心血。
The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
英语句子中,名词与介词占优势
英语时态的汉译
汉语主要通过词汇和句法手段来表示“时”的 变化,如用“了”、“着”、“过”、“已 经”、“就要”、“现在”、“将来”、“正 在”、“过去”等
英语时态必须用动词的曲折变化体现出来
When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer, and lighting his pipe…
主谓机制:抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英语句子 的灵魂。
名词与名词之间的联系要借介词来串通
Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great
black bridge, down a hill and up again, by
little shops and meat-markets, past single-
这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就, 这是我向往已久的。
I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency.
我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该 共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要积极地友好相处, 这是正确而必要的。
汉语的习惯是叙事在前,表态在后。英语的习惯是表 态在前,叙事在后。
The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people.
He has never been abroad.他从未出过国。 I will never agree to their demands.我决不同意他们的
要求。
You seem never to think of yourself. 你好像从来不考虑自己。
Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense! 我这 辈子从没有听过这种废话!
(George Santayana, The Weather in His Soul)
设想在他运动之余品茶或喝酒,并点着烟斗 时…… (刘士聪 译)
二十岁那年,我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现 在还是过着流浪的生活。

(萧红 《永久的憧憬和追求》)
When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I
英汉语言比较与句子翻译
——Angela Hong
Guess what are the Chinese names of the
followiห้องสมุดไป่ตู้g in Martial Arts?
Guide of Dog Beating One Finger just like a Pen Nine Women catching White
storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. (7个介词)
卡莱尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大桥,爬 下山岗又爬上去,经过许多小铺和肉市,又经 过一些平房,然后突然在一大片绿色草地前停 下了。
英汉句子重心的差异
decreed in an early edition of her book that “a
good meal, if enjoyed and digested, gives the
support necessary for the morning’s work.” (许余龙,1987:56)
19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉·比顿曾在其著作 的一个早期版本里说过:“享用一顿美餐,能使 整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番高见,现在很少 有人领教了。
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